Orígenes de la Salud y la Enfermedad
Palabras clave:
biología del desarrollo, hipótesis de barkerResumen
Presentar un nuevo campo del conocimiento, que estudia los orígenes de la salud y la enfermedad a través del desarrollo evolutivo del ser humano, abordando conceptos, métodos e estudio, aspectos éticos y diferentes perspectivas referidas a ésta área del saber. Material y métodos: Revisión de la literatura, para obtener referencias pertinentes y actualizadas relacionadas con el tema. Resultados: Los estudios recientes demuestran asociaciones entre eventos ocurridos en fases tempranas del desarrollo somático y el aumento del riesgo para presentar enfermedades crónicas a lo largo de la vida, tales como diabetes, obesidad y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se han propuesto diferentes modelos para explicar esas asociaciones, como la teoría del fenotipo frugal, la programación, las respuestas adaptativas predictivas y el concepto de concordancia o contraste. Algunos de los posibles mecanismos involucrados en estos procesos son: efectos del ambiente sobre la expresión génica, a través e mecanismos epigenéticos; efectos de señales hormonales transmitidos al feto a través de a placenta o al neonato por la leche materna.
Descargas
Citas
Gilbert SF. Developmental J3io1o6ry. 7th Edilion. Sunderland, Massachusets: Slnauer ssociates, Inc. 2003.
Duran P. Nutrición temprana y enfermedades en la edad adulta: acerca de lahipótesis de arker". Arch Argent Pediatr 2004: 102:26-34. fscielo/open access
Silvetra PP, Portella AK, Goldani MZ, Barbieri MZ. Developmental orlgins of health and isease. 3 Pediatr (Río J). 2007;83(6):494-504. Fpubmed /open access
Cuestas [Montañés] E. Bas 113fazi J. Cagnolo [Zan] G. ¿Es el CRIB un buen predictor de emorragia intraventrlcutar. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008:68:405-406. ]pubmect Jopen access]
Cuestas E. Cáceres A. Palacio S. Modelos animales de lesión y reparación del cerebro en esarrollo. Medicina (Bs As) 2007:67:177-83. putimed/open access
Avery ME. Mead J. Surfacc properties In relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrarie isease. AMA Dis Child. 1959:97:517-23.(pubmed/open access]
De Souza Campos Filho P, Montenegro MR. De Ahneida Al). Necrotizing enterocolitis intestinal gangrene). Rey Bras Gastroenterol. 1952:4:929-34. ]pubmed/open access]
Berdon WE. Grossman H. Baker DH. Mizrahi A. llarlow O. Blanc WA. Necrotizing nterocolitis in the prcmature infant. Radiolor. 1964:83:879-87. ]pubrned/ open access
Northway WH Jr.. Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following resptrator therapy f yaltne-membrane disease. l-lronchopuhnonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967:276:357-68. pubmed/open access
Terry TL. Fibroblastic overgrowth of persistent tunica vasculosa lentis in infants born rernaturety: 11. Report of cases-clinical aspects. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1942:40:262- 4. pubmed/open access].
S. Kerrnack WO, McKendrick AG, McKiiilay PL. Deathrates in Great Brltain asid Sweden. orne general regularities and their significance. Lancet. 1934:698-703.]puhrned/ Open ccess].
Ravelli GP, Stein ZA. Susser MW. Obesity in young rnen after famine exposure In utero nd early infancy. N Eng J Mcd. 1976:295:349-53. lpubmed/open access
Neel 3V. diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by progress'? Am J hum enet.962:14:353-62. pubmed/open acreas]
Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C. Margetts B. Slmmonds SJ. Weight in infancy and death rom lschaernic heart disease. Laneet. 1989:2:577-80. [pubmed/open access]
Barker DJ. Erlksson JG, Forsen T. Osmond C. Fetal origins of adult clisease: strength of effects and biological basis. mt J Epidemial. 2002:31:1235-9. [pubrned/opeo access] crossref]
Eriksson JO. Forsen T. Tuomilehto J. Jaddoe VW, Osmond C, Harker DJ. Effects of size t trth and childhood growth on the Insulin reststance syndrome lo elderly Individuals. diabetologia. 2002:45:342-8. ]pubmed/open access] ]crossref]
Davies AA, Smith GD. l3en-Shlomo Y, Lltchfield P. Low blrth weíght ja associated with higher adult total cholesterol concentration in men: firidings from an occupational cohort of 25.843 employees. Circulation. 2004:110:1258-62. ]pubmed/open access] ]crossrell
Szathmarl M. Vasarhelyi . zabo M. Szabo A. Reusz GS, Tulassay T. l-ligher osteocalcio levels and cross-llnks excretion in young meo born with 10w btrth weight. Calcif Tissue lot. 2000:67:429-33. pubmed/open access
Jones A, Godfrey KM. Wood P, Osmond C. Goulden P. Phillips Dl. Fetal growth and he adienocortical response to psychological stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006:91:1868- 71. ]pubmed/open access] crossrefl
Palnter RC, de Rooij SR, l3ossuyt PM. de Groot E. Stok WJ, Osmond , l. Maternal nutrition durtng gestation and carotid arterial coinpliance lo the adult ffspring: the dutch lamine blrth cohort. J Hypertens. 2007:25:533-40. ]pubmed/open access]
Jones A. Beda A, Warcl AM. Osmond C. Phlllips Dl, Moore VM, el al. Slze at blrth and autonomic functlon during psychological stress. Hypertension. 2007:49:548-55. lpubmed/ open accessl crossref.
de Rooij SR, Painter RC, Phillips Dl, Osmond C. Mlchels RP. Godsland lF, el al. mpaired insulin secretion alter prenatal exposure to the Duteb famine. Diabetes are. 2006;29:1897-901. ]pubmed/open accessl [crossrefl
Rice F. Harold GT, hapar . The effect of birthweight with genetic susceptibility on epressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Eur Chlld Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006:15:383-91. Ipubined/open access] ]crossref]
Thompson C. Syddall H. Rodio 1, Osmond. C. Barker DJ. Blrth weight and Ihe risk f depressive disorder in late life. Br J Psychiat!y. 2001:179:450-5. ]pubmcd/open access] lcrossrefl
Hales CN. Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insullndependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrlfty henotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1992:35:595-601. ]pubmed/open access!
Crossrell
El-Haddad MA, Desal M. Gayle D. Ross MG. lo utero development of etal thirst and appetite: potential for programming. J Soc Gynecol lnvestig. 004:11:123-30. ]pubmed/open access] Icrossref1
Lucas A. Brookc 00. Morley R. Cole TJ, Bamford MF. Early cliet of prcterm lnfants nd development of allerglc or atoplc disease: randornised prospective study. BMJ. 1990:300:837-40. Ipubmed/open access.
LucasA, MorleyR. Co1eTJ. Randomised trlalofearly diet in preterrn babies and ater intelligence quotieilt. BMJ. 1998:317:1481-7. Ipubmed/open access]
Dorner O. Perinatal hormone levels and brain organization. In: Anatoinical euroendocrinology. Stumpf WE. Grant LD. editors. Rasel: S. Karger; 1975. p. 245-5 2.
Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. In: The childhood environrnent and dult dlseasc. Bock GR, Whelan J, editora. CIBA Foundation Symposium 156. Chichester. tJK: Wiley: 1991. p. 38-55.
Charmandarl E, Tsigos C. Chrousos G. ndocririologi' of the stress response. Annu Rey Physiol. 2005:67:259-84. [pubmed/open access] ]crossrefl
Khazipov It, Luhrnano HJ. Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing erebral cortex of humans and rodents. Trends Neurosci. 2006:29:414-8. Ipubined/open access) ]crossref]
Crews F. He J. Hodge C. Adolescent cortical developinent: a critical period of nerability for addict.lon. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007:86:189-99. bmed/open ccess] [crossrell
Ounsted M. 0unsted C. On fetal growth rate: its varlatiojis and thelr conscquences. ndon: Heincmann Medical: 1973.
ong KK, Preece MA, Emmett PM. Ahmed ML, nger 1)13: ALSPAC Study Team. Size at birth and early childhood growth In relation aternal smoking, parity and lnfant breast-feeding: longitudinal bli-ili cohort study nd nalysls. Pcdiatr Res. 2002:52:863-7.]pubmed/open access)
Gluckman PD. Hanson MA. Developmental origlns of disease paradlgm: a echanlstic and evolutlonary perspective. Pediatr Res. 2004:56:311-7. ]pubmed/open accessl ]crossref]
Van den Hergh BR, Mulder EJ. Mennes M. Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and tress and the neurobehavioural development of (he fetos and child: links and possible echanisms. Neurosci Blobehav Rey. 2005:29:237-58. ]pubnied/open accessl ]crossref]
Weinstock M. The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and ental health of the offspring. Brain Behav 1mmun. 2005:19:296-308. ]pubmed/ open ccessj lcrossrefl
Gluckman Pl), Hanson MA. Living with the past: evolution. development, and atterns of disease. Science. 2004:305:1733-6. ]pubrned/open accessj ]crossref]
Parikh VN, Clement T. Fernald RD. f'hysiological consequences of social descent: tudies lo Astatotilapia burtoni. J Endocrino]. 2006:190:183-90. [pubmed/open access] ]crossref]
Champagne F. Meaney MJ. Like inother, like daughter: evidence for non-genomic ransmlssion of parental behavior and stress responslvlty. Prog Brain Res. 2001:133:287-302. lpubmed/open access]
Zhang TV, l3agot R. Parent C. Nesbitt C. Bredy TW. CaldJi C. et al. Maternal rogramming of defensive responses through sustained effects on gene expression. iol Psychol. 2006:73:72-89. [puhmed/open access]
Erlksson JG. Lindi V. Uusilupa M. Forsen TJ, Laakso M, üsinond C. et l. he effects of the Pro 12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated eceptor-gainrna2 gene on insulin sensitivity and insulin metabolism interact with ize at blrth. Diabetes. 2002:51:2321-4, lpubmed/open access] ]crossrefl
Seckl JR, Meaney MJ. Glucocorticoid programming. Ami N VAcad Se¡. 004:1032:63-84. ]pubmed/open access ]crossrcf]
Sapolsky RM, Romero LM. Munck AfI. How do glucocorticolds Influence stress esponses? Lntegrating permissive. suppresslve. stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rey. 2000:21:55-89. [pubmed/open accessl
Bamberger CM, Schulte HM, Chrousos GP. Molecular determinants of lucocorticoid receptor function and tissue sensitivity to glucocorticolds. Endocr Rey. 996:17:245-61. lpubmed/open accessl ]crossrefl
Giguere V. Hollenberg SM, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM. F'unctional dornains of the man glucocorticoid receptor. Cell. 1986:46:645-52. Ipubined/open access] rossref]
Cadepond F. Schweizer-Groyer O. Segard-Maurel 1. Jibard N. Hollenberg M, iguere , el al. Heal shock proteín 90 as a critica[ factor in maintaining glucocortícosteroid receptor a a nonfunciional state. J Biol Chem. 1991:266:5834-41. pubmed/open access)
Pratt W13. Glucocorticoid receptor stntcture and the initial cvenls in signaJ trarisduction. rog Clin Biol Res. 1990:322:119-32. [pubmed/open access
Scheinman R], Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, 13a1dwin AS Jr. Role of transcriptlonal ctivation of 1 kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science. 1995:270:283-6. Fpubrned/open access)
Keller-Wood M. Dailman MF. Corticosteroid inhibilion of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rey. 1984:5:1-24. Ipubmed/open access]
Cascio CS, Shiasako J. Dailman MF. The suprachiasrnatic nuclei stimulate evening AcTI-J cretion In the rat. Brain Res. 1987:423:173-8. lpubmed/open access] ¡crossrel]
Moore RY, ichler VB. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following uprachiasmatic lesions lo (he rat. Brain Res. 1972:42:201-6. [pubined/open access] [crossref)
Martí O. Andres R. Armario A. Defective ACTH response lo stress lo previously stressed ata: dependence on glucocorticoid status. Am J Physiol. 1999:277:R86977.[pubmed/open access[
Carapeau S, Day HE, Helmreich DL, Kollack-Walker S, Waison S.J. Principies of sychoneuroeudocrinology. Psychíatr Clin North Am. 1998:21:259.76. [pubmed/open accessl Lcrossref[
Atkínson HC, Waddell BJ. The hypotha!ainicpituitaiy- adrenai axis in rat pregnancy and actation:circadian variation and iaterrelationship of plasma adrenocorticotropin and orticosterone. Endocrinology. 1995:136:512-20. [pubmed/open accessj Fcrossrel]
Beítins IZ. Bayard F. Ances IG. Kowarski A. Migeon CJ. The metabolie clearance rate, lood producfion.ínterconversion and transplacental passage of cortisol and cortisone in regnancy near tena. Pediatr Res. 1973:7:509-19. pubmed/open access[
Klemcke HG. Placental metabollsm of cortisol at midand late gestation in swlne. Biol reprod. 1995:53:1293-301. (pubmed/open access) [crossreil
White PC. Mune T. Agarwal AK. ilbeta- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and (he syridrome f apparent mineralocorticoid exccss. Endocr Rey. 1997:18:135-56. Ipubmed/open access] crossrell.
Venihaki MA. Carrigan P, Dikkes P. Majzoub JA. Circadbrn risc ja maternal glucocorticoid revents pulmonary dyspiasia in fetal mice with adrenal insufliciency. Proc Natl Acad Sci SA. 2000:97:733641.Fpubmed/opcn access)
Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Noble J. Seckl JR, Edwards C. Glucocorticoid exposure in tero: a new model for adult liypertension. Lancet. 1993:341:339-41. [pubmed/ open access] crossref
Stewart PM, Rogei-son FM, Mason JI. Type 2 1 1i3- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase essenger ribonucleic acid and activity jo human placenta and fetal membranes: its relationship lo birth weight and putalive role in fetal adrenal steroidogenesls. J Clin ndocrinol Metab. 1995: 80:885-90. pubmed/open access]
MeLean M. Bisits A. Davies J, Woods R. Lowry P. Smith R. A placental clock controlling he length of human pregnancy. Nat Mcd. 1995:1:460-3. [pubmed/open access] [crossrefl
Nodwell A. Carmichael L, Fraser M. Challis J, Richardson B. Placental release of corticotrophin .releasing hormone across the umbilical circulation of the human newhorn. placenta. 1999:20:197-202. [pubmed/open access) crossref
Asa SL. Kovacs K. Singer W. Human fetal adeaohypophysis: morphologic and functional nalysis in vitro. Neuroendocriaology. 1991:53:562-72. Ipubmed/ open access)
Smith R. Mesiano S. Chan EC, l3rowa S, Jaife RB. Cortmeotropin-relcasing horinone irectly and prefementiaily stirnulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical ecOs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998:83: 2916-20.1ptmbmed/open access
Rokicki W. Foresi MG. Loras B. l3onnet H, Bertrand J. Free cortisol of human plasman in he íirst three moaths of life. 1h01 Neonate. 1990:57:21-9. Ipubmned/opea access]
Bergant AM, Kirchler H. Heim K. Daxeabichier G. Heroid M. Schrocksnadel H. Chlldbirth s a biological model for stress? Associations wlth endocrine and obstetrie factors. Gyaecol bstet mv. 1998:45:181-5.[pubmed/open access)
Sapolsky RM, Meaney MJ. Maturation of the adrenocortical stress response: euroendocrine control mechanismns and the stress hyporesponsive penad. Brain Res Rey. 986:11:65.76.[pubmed/operm access
Guillet R, Michaelson SM. Corticotropin responsiveness in the neunatal rat. s'euroeridocrinology. 1978:27:119-25. [pubmed/open access
Yoshimura S. Sakamoto S. Kudo H, Sassa S. Kumal A. Okamot o R. Sex-differences in drenocortical responsiveness during development in rats. Steroids. 2003:68:439-45. lpubmed,f apeo accessj [crossret]
Gunnar MR, Broderson L, Krueger K. Rigatuso J. Dampeniog of adrenocortical responses urtng infancy: normative changes and individual differences. Child Dey. 1996:67:877-89. pubmed/open access (crossref)
Larson M, White BP, Cuchran A. Donzella 13, Gunnar MR. I)ampening of (he cortisol response (ohandling at 3-months in human infaats and ita relation lo
sleep, circadian cortisol activity, and behavioral distress.
Dcv Psychobiol. 1998:33:327-37. [pubmed/open access (crossrel)
Kuhn CM. Pauk J. Schanberg SM. Eadocrmae responses lo moiher-infant separation in eveloping rata. Dey Psychoblol. 1990:23:395-410. [pubmed/open access] [crossref]
Henníng SJ. Plasma conceflirations of total and free corticosterone duling cievelopnient in he rat. AnW Physíol. 1978:235:E451-6.[pubnied/open access
Hadjian AJ. Chedin M. Cochet C, (2hamhaz EM. Cortisol biadiag lo proteins In plasma in he human neonate and infant. Pediatr Res. 1975:9:40-5.
Liu D. Dionio J, Tannenbaum 13, Caidji C. Francis D, Freedman A. et al. Maternal cara, uppocampal glucocorticoid receptors and hypothalamic. pituitary-adrenal responses lo stress. Science. 1997:277:1659-62. [pubmed/open access]
Smnythe JW, Rowe WB. Meaney MJ. Neonatal handllng alters serotonin (5-H11 turnovcr nd 5.H'F2 receptor binding in selected bramn reglons: relationslup lo the handling effect on lucocorticoid receptor expression. Dey Brain Res. 1994:80:183-9. [crossrefl
Mltchell J13. Rowe W. Boksa P. Meaney MJ. Serotonin regulates type II corticosteroid eceptor blrmding In hippocampal eclI cultures. J Neuroscl, 1900:10:1745-52. pubmed/open access
Yau JL, Noble J. Seckl JR. Site-specific regulation of corticosteroid and serotonin receptor ubtype gene expression In the rat hlppocampus following methylenedmoxymethamphetamniae: role of corticosterone and serotoain. Neuroscience. 997:78:111-21. lpubmcd/ open aecessl
Yau JL. Noble J. Widdowson J. Secki ,JR. lmpact of adreoalectomy on 5-HT6 mxi 5-HT7 receptor gene expression in the rat hlppocamnpims. Mol Braín Res. 1997:45:182-6. pubmed/open access
Meaney MJ, Diorto J, Francis D. Weaver 5, Yau J. Chapman K. Secki JR. Postnatal handling increases the expression of cAMP-inducible transcription factors lo the rat hippocampus: the effects of thyrold hormones and serotonin. 3 Neurosci. 2000:20:3926-35. fpubmed/open aceess
Encio IJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD. The genomic structure of the human glucocorucoid receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991:266:7182-8. pubmed/open access]
Carvin CD. Parr RD, ladde P. Slte-sekctive in vivo targetlng of cytosine 5 DNA methylation by zinc-finger proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003:31:6493-501.tpubmed/
open access
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Deanfleid J. Lucas A. Is siower early growth beneficiaJ for ong-term cardiovascular health? Circulation. 2004:109:1108-13. [pubmed/open
access] [crossrefl
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M. Kennedy K, Stephenson T. Elias-Jones A. ci al. Pronjolion f faster weight gain lo infants bern small for gestational age: is there mi adverse effect on later blood pressure? CircuIat1on. 2007:115:213-20. Ipubmed/open access
Eriksson JG, Forsen T. Tuomilehto J. Osmond C. Barker DJ. Eariy growth and coronaly heart disease in later ¡¡fe: longitudinal study. BMJ. 2001:322:949-53. [pubmed/ open accessl (crossref)
Betiol U. Sabbag Filho D. Silva AA. Portella AK, Silveira PP, Goldani MZ, el al. Do Intrauterine growth restriction and overweight at school age increase the risk for elevated body mass mdcx lo young adults? Braz .J Mcd Biol Res. In press 2007.1pubmed/open access
Clayton PE, Cianfarani S. Czernichow P. Johannsson G. Rapaport 11, Rogol A. anagement of the child born small for gestational age through (o adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinologii ami the Growth Hormone Researeh Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metal). 2007;92:804-10. pubmed/open access.
Jackson CM. Structural changes when growth is supressed by undernourishment lo albino rats. Am 3 Anat. 1932:51:347-379. (crossref)
Rudin D. Effects of irianition upon the growth of the brain of the albino rat. The Anal Rec. 1935:62:175-82.
Mathers JC. Eariy nutrition: impact on epigenetics. Forum Nutr. 2007:60:42-8. pubmed/(open access)
Kramer MS, Gue T. Platt RW, Vanitovich 1, Sevkovskaya Z. Dzikovlch 1, et al: Promotion f Breastfeeding lntervention Triais Study Group. Feeding effects on growth during infancy. pediatr. 2004:145:600-5jpubmed/open
Access)
Boullu-Ciocca S, Dutour A. Guillaume y, Achard V. Oliver C. Grifo M. Postnalal diet.induced obesity in rats upregulates systemic and adipose tissue glucocorticoid metaboiism during development and in adulthood: its reltionship with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2005:54:197.203. [pubmed/open access)(erossref)
Singhal A. Cole 'l'J. Fewtrell M. Lucas A. Breastmllk feeding and lipoprotein prufile in adolescents born preterm: follow-up of a prospeclive randomised study. Lancet. 2004:363:1571-8. [pubmed/open accessl IcrossreII
Singhal A. Cole TJ, Lucas A. Early nutrition In preterm infants and later blood pressure: wo cohorts after randomised trials. Lancet. 2001:357:413-9. [pubmed/open accessl crossref]
Arenz 5, Ruckeri R, Koletzko [3, ven Kries R. Breastfeeding and childhood obesity--a ystemstic review. Lot J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004:28:1247-56.[pubmed/ open access
Owen CG. Martín RM, Whincup PI-1, Smith GD, Cook DG. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics. 2005:115:1367-77. [pubmed/openaccess] (crossref)
Toschke AM, Martín RM, von Kries R, WeUsJ, Smith GD, Ness AR. lnfant feeding method and obesity: body mass mdcx and dual-energiX.ray absorptiometry measurements at 9- 10 of age froin (he Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). ainJ Clin Nutr. 2007:85:1578.85. [pubmed/open access]
Victora CG, Barros F. Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J. Anthropometiy and body composition of 18 year oid men according lo duration of breast feeding: birth cohort study from Brazil. BMJ. 2003:327:901. (pubmed/open access)(crossref)
Wells JC, Chomtho S. Fewtrell MS. Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007:66:423-34. (pubmed/open accessl [crossrefl
Bosma JF, Hepburn LG. Joseli SI). Baker K. Ultrasound demonstration of tongue motions during suckle feeding. Dcv Mcd Child Neurol. 1990:32:223-9. [pubmed/ open access
Sievers E. Oldigs HD. Santer R. Schaub J. Feeding patterns in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002:46:243.8. (pubnied/open access] [crossref)
Mennella JA, Griffin CE, Beauchamp GK. Flavor programming during infancy. Pediatrics. 004:113:840-5. [pubmed/open accessj ¡crossref
Silveira PP. Portella AK, Goldani MZ. Obesity in Latín America: similarity in the mnequalities. Lancct.2005:366:451-2. ¡pubmed/open accessl (crossref)
Levilt NS, Lambert EV, Woods D, Hales CN. Andrew R. Seckl JR. lrnpaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood pressure in 10w blrth welght, nonobese, young south African aduits: early programmlng of cortisol a85. 3 Clin Endocrmnol Metab. 2000;S5:4611-8. pubined/open accessl [crossref)
Zhao M. Shu XO, Jín F. Yang O. Li HL. Liu DK, et al. Blrthweight. childhood growth and ypertension lo adulthood. Int 3 Epidemiol. 2002:31:1043-51. [pubmed/ open accessl (crossref)
Bhargava SK, Sachdcv HS. Fa]] CH. Osmond C. Lakshmy R, Bsrker DJ, el al. Reiation of serial changes la childhood body-mass Índex to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood. N EnglJ Mcd. 2004:350:865-75. Epubmed/ open access] (crossref)
Gluckman PD. Hanson MA. Developmentalplasticlty
and human disease: research dlrections. J latero Mcd.
:261:461-71, [pubmed/open access] [crossrefl
Descargas
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
La Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba (RFCM) adhiere a la política de Acceso Abierto y no cobra cargos a los autores para publicar, ni tampoco a lectores para acceder a los artículos publicados.
