Pulmonary innate immune response in Sars-cov-2 infection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n1.30642Keywords:
coronavirus, covid-19, immunity innateAbstract
Introduction: The emerging infection caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has become a real challenge for the scientific community. Currently, there is little knowledge about the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and in recent times the participation of the host's own immune response in the progression of the disease has been proposed. Innate pulmonary immunity is the first barrier against different toxins, which can cause tissue damage, with the consequent alteration of respiratory function. However, a loss in the regulation of these inflammatory mechanisms can cause a disruption in the homeostasis of the affected tissue. Objective: To evaluate the role of the pulmonary innate immune response in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Materials and methods: A systematic review of studies published in scientific search engines was carried out: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct. The following keywords were used: “COVID-19”; "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"; "SARS-CoV-2"; "Innate pulmonary immunity"; "Innate immune response". Results: A global alteration of the pulmonary innate immune response was found in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which would have relevance in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Conclusion: The global involvement of the innate immune response and consequently of lung tissue homeostasis, in SARS-CoV-2 infection, requires the design of new therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the altered pro-inflammatory mechanisms in COVID-19.
Downloads
References
1. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCOV): Situation Report - 1. 2020. Jan. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4
2. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report - 51. 2020. March. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10
3. World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update. 1 Jun 2021. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---1-june-2021.
4. Payne S. Family Coronaviridae. Viruses. 2017:149–58. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00017-9.
5. Poudel U, Subedi D, Pantha S, Dhakal S. Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach. Open Vet J. 2020 Oct;10(3):239-251. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.1.
6. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020 Apr;26(4):450-452. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.
7. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
8. Mahdy MAA, Younis W, Ewaida Z. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Dec 11;7:596391. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596391.
9. Dhouib W, Maatoug J, Ayouni I, Zammit N, Ghammem R, Fredj SB, Ghannem H. The incubation period during the pandemic of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 8;10(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s13643-021-01648-y.
10. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020 May;109:102433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.
11. Wan S, Xiang Y, Fang W, Zheng Y, Li B, Hu Y, Lang C, Huang D, Sun Q, Xiong Y, Huang X, Lv J, Luo Y, Shen L, Yang H, Huang G, Yang R. Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul;92(7):797-806. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25783.
12. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, Ng OT, Marimuthu K, Ang LW, Mak TM, Lau SK, Anderson DE, Chan KS, Tan TY, Ng TY, Cui L, Said Z, Kurupatham L, Chen MI, Chan M, Vasoo S, Wang LF, Tan BH, Lin RTP, Lee VJM, Leo YS, Lye DC; Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team. Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020 Apr 21;323(15):1488-1494. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3204. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020 Apr 21;323(15):1510.
13. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, Blecic S, El Afia F, Distinguin L, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Hans S, Delgado IL, Calvo-Henriquez C, Lavigne P, Falanga C, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Khalife M, Leich P, Souchay C, Rossi C, Journe F, Hsieh J, Edjlali M, Carlier R, Ris L, Lovato A, De Filippis C, Coppee F, Fakhry N, Ayad T, Saussez S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Aug;277(8):2251-2261. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1.
14. Tebé C, Valls J, Satorra P, Tobías A. COVID19-world: a shiny application to perform comprehensive country-specific data visualization for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020 Sep 21;20(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-01121-9.
15. Beig Parikhani A, Bazaz M, Bamehr H, Fereshteh S, Amiri S, Salehi-Vaziri M, Arashkia A, Azadmanesh K. The Inclusive Review on SARS-CoV-2 Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Potential Management Options. Curr Microbiol. 2021 Apr;78(4):1099-1114. doi: 10.1007/s00284-021-02396-x.
16 Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
17. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):562-569. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.
18. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020 Mar 13;7(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.
19. Chu H, Chan JF, Wang Y, Yuen TT, Chai Y, Hou Y, Shuai H, Yang D, Hu B, Huang X, Zhang X, Cai JP, Zhou J, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chan IH, Zhang AJ, Sit KY, Au WK, Yuen KY. Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12;71(6):1400-1409. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa410.
20 Ravindra NG, Alfajaro MM, Gasque V, Huston NC, Wan H, Szigeti-Buck K, Yasumoto Y, Greaney AM, Habet V, Chow RD, Chen JS, Wei J, Filler RB, Wang B, Wang G, Niklason LE, Montgomery RR, Eisenbarth SC, Chen S, Williams A, Iwasaki A, Horvath TL, Foxman EF, Pierce RW, Pyle AM, van Dijk D, Wilen CB. Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium identifies target cells, alterations in gene expression, and cell state changes. PLoS Biol. 2021 Mar 17;19(3):e3001143. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001143.
21. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020 Mar;38(1):1-9. doi: 10.12932/AP-200220-0772.
22. Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, Lavin Y, Swartz TH, Madduri D, Stock A, Marron TU, Xie H, Patel M, Tuballes K, Van Oekelen O, Rahman A, Kovatch P, Aberg JA, Schadt E, Jagannath S, Mazumdar M, Charney AW, Firpo-Betancourt A, Mendu DR, Jhang J, Reich D, Sigel K, Cordon-Cardo C, Feldmann M, Parekh S, Merad M, Gnjatic S. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020 Oct;26(10):1636-1643. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9.
23. Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Greenplate AR, Wu JE, Alanio C, Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, D'Andrea K, Manne S, Chen Z, Huang YJ, Reilly JP, Weisman AR, Ittner CAG, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Nzingha K, Han N, Kim J, Pattekar A, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, Weirick ME, Gouma S, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Chen F, Lacey SF, Ramage H, Cherry S, Hensley SE, Apostolidis SA, Huang AC, Vella LA; UPenn COVID Processing Unit, Betts MR, Meyer NJ, Wherry EJ. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science. 2020 Sep 4;369(6508):eabc8511. doi: 10.1126/science.abc8511.
24. Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TBR, Silva J, Sundaram M, Ellingson MK, Mao T, Oh JE, Israelow B, Takahashi T, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Mohanty S, Wang H, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Fournier JB, Campbell M, Odio CD, Casanovas-Massana A; Yale IMPACT Team, Herbst R, Shaw AC, Medzhitov R, Schulz WL, Grubaugh ND, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7821):463-469. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2588-y.
25. Wilk AJ, Rustagi A, Zhao NQ, Roque J, Martínez-Colón GJ, McKechnie JL, Ivison GT, Ranganath T, Vergara R, Hollis T, Simpson LJ, Grant P, Subramanian A, Rogers AJ, Blish CA. A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020 Jul;26(7):1070-1076. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0944-y.
26. Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL, Li G, Quincy Brown J, Vander Heide RS. Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Jul;8(7):681-686. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30243-5. Epub 2020 May 27.
27. Bryce C, Grimes Z, Pujadas E, Ahuja S, Beasley MB, Albrecht R, Hernandez T, Stock A, Zhao Z, AlRasheed MR, Chen J, Li L, Wang D, Corben A, Haines GK 3rd, Westra WH, Umphlett M, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Petersen B, Salem F, Fiel MI, El Jamal SM, Tsankova NM, Houldsworth J, Mussa Z, Veremis B, Sordillo E, Gitman MR, Nowak M, Brody R, Harpaz N, Merad M, Gnjatic S, Liu WC, Schotsaert M, Miorin L, Aydillo Gomez TA, Ramos-Lopez I, Garcia-Sastre A, Donnelly R, Seigler P, Keys C, Cameron J, Moultrie I, Washington KL, Treatman J, Sebra R, Jhang J, Firpo A, Lednicky J, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Cordon-Cardo C, Fowkes ME. Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: the Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience. Mod Pathol. 2021 Aug;34(8):1456-1467. doi: 10.1038/s41379-021-00793-y.
28. Quinton LJ, Walkey AJ, Mizgerd JP. Integrative Physiology of Pneumonia. Physiol Rev. 2018 Jul 1;98(3):1417-1464. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2017.
29. Gordon S, Plüddemann A. Tissue macrophages: heterogeneity and functions. BMC Biol. 2017 Jun 29;15(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12915-017-0392-4.
30. Ginhoux F, Guilliams M. Tissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis. Immunity. 2016 Mar 15;44(3):439-449. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024.
31. Nakayama M. Macrophage Recognition of Crystals and Nanoparticles. Front Immunol. 2018 Jan 29;9:103. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00103.
32. Roberts AW, Lee BL, Deguine J, John S, Shlomchik MJ, Barton GM. Tissue-Resident Macrophages Are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Immunity. 2017 Nov 21;47(5):913-927.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.006.
33. Suzuki T, Trapnell BC. Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 2016 Sep;37(3):431-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.006.
34. Franken L, Schiwon M, Kurts C. Macrophages: sentinels and regulators of the immune system. Cell Microbiol. 2016 Apr;18(4):475-87. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12580.
35. Zhang X, Mosser DM. Macrophage activation by endogenous danger signals. J Pathol. 2008 Jan;214(2):161-78. doi: 10.1002/path.2284.
36. Allard B, Panariti A, Martin JG. Alveolar Macrophages in the Resolution of Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Tolerance to Infection. Front Immunol. 2018 Jul 31;9:1777. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01777.
37. Liu J, Zheng X, Tong Q, Li W, Wang B, Sutter K, Trilling M, Lu M, Dittmer U, Yang D. Overlapping and discrete aspects of the pathology and pathogenesis of the emerging human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):491-494. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25709.
38. Leth-Larsen R, Zhong F, Chow VT, Holmskov U, Lu J. The SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein is selectively recognized by lung surfactant protein D and activates macrophages. Immunobiology. 2007;212(3):201-11. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.12.001.
39. Funk CJ, Wang J, Ito Y, Travanty EA, Voelker DR, Holmes KV, Mason RJ. Infection of human alveolar macrophages by human coronavirus strain 229E. J Gen Virol. 2012 Mar;93(Pt 3):494-503. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.038414-0.
40. Kumagai Y, Takeuchi O, Kato H, Kumar H, Matsui K, Morii E, Aozasa K, Kawai T, Akira S. Alveolar macrophages are the primary interferon-alpha producer in pulmonary infection with RNA viruses. Immunity. 2007 Aug;27(2):240-52. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.013.
41. de Lang A, Baas T, Smits SL, Katze MG, Osterhaus AD, Haagmans BL. Unraveling the complexities of the interferon response during SARS-CoV infection. Future Virol. 2009 Jan 1;4(1):71-78. doi: 10.2217/17460794.4.1.71.
42. Minakshi R, Padhan K, Rani M, Khan N, Ahmad F, Jameel S. The SARS Coronavirus 3a protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and induces ligand-independent downregulation of the type 1 interferon receptor. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 17;4(12):e8342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008342.
43. Narayanan K, Huang C, Lokugamage K, Kamitani W, Ikegami T, Tseng CT, Makino S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells. J Virol. 2008 May;82(9):4471-9. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02472-07.
44. Hartwig SM, Holman KM, Varga SM. Depletion of alveolar macrophages ameliorates virus-induced disease following a pulmonary coronavirus infection. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 7;9(3):e90720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090720.
45. Dalskov L, Møhlenberg M, Thyrsted J, Blay-Cadanet J, Poulsen ET, Folkersen BH, Skaarup SH, Olagnier D, Reinert L, Enghild JJ, Hoffmann HJ, Holm CK, Hartmann R. SARS-CoV-2 evades immune detection in alveolar macrophages. EMBO Rep. 2020 Dec 3;21(12):e51252. doi: 10.15252/embr.202051252.
46. Grant RA, Morales-Nebreda L, Markov NS, Swaminathan S, Querrey M, Guzman ER, Abbott DA, Donnelly HK, Donayre A, Goldberg IA, Klug ZM, Borkowski N, Lu Z, Kihshen H, Politanska Y, Sichizya L, Kang M, Shilatifard A, Qi C, Lomasney JW, Argento AC, Kruser JM, Malsin ES, Pickens CO, Smith SB, Walter JM, Pawlowski AE, Schneider D, Nannapaneni P, Abdala-Valencia H, Bharat A, Gottardi CJ, Budinger GRS, Misharin AV, Singer BD, Wunderink RG; NU SCRIPT Study Investigators. Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7847):635-641. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-03148-w.
47. Whitsett JA, Alenghat T. Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity. Nat Immunol. 2015 Jan;16(1):27-35. doi: 10.1038/ni.3045.
48. Janssen WJ, Stefanski AL, Bochner BS, Evans CM. Control of lung defence by mucins and macrophages: ancient defence mechanisms with modern functions. Eur Respir J. 2016 Oct;48(4):1201-1214. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00120-2015.
49. Han S, Mallampalli RK. The Role of Surfactant in Lung Disease and Host Defense against Pulmonary Infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 May;12(5):765-74. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201411-507FR.
50. Pastva AM, Wright JR, Williams KL. Immunomodulatory roles of surfactant proteins A and D: implications in lung disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007 Jul;4(3):252-7. doi: 10.1513/pats.200701-018AW.
51. Voynow JA, Rubin BK. Mucins, mucus, and sputum. Chest. 2009 Feb;135(2):505-512. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0412.
52. Bradley BT, Bryan A. Emerging respiratory infections: The infectious disease pathology of SARS, MERS, pandemic influenza, and Legionella. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2019 May;36(3):152-159. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.006.
53. Nunnari G, Sanfilippo C, Castrogiovanni P, Imbesi R, Li Volti G, Barbagallo I, Musumeci G, Di Rosa M. Network perturbation analysis in human bronchial epithelial cells following SARS-CoV2 infection. Exp Cell Res. 2020 Oct 15;395(2):112204. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112204.
54. Kaplan ME, Coons AH, Deane HW. Localization of antigen in tissue cells; cellular distribution of pneumococcal polysaccharides types II and III in the mouse. J Exp Med. 1950 Jan 1;91(1):15-30, 4 pl. doi: 10.1084/jem.91.1.15.
55. Schyns J, Bureau F, Marichal T. Lung Interstitial Macrophages: Past, Present, and Future. J Immunol Res. 2018 Apr 30;2018:5160794. doi: 10.1155/2018/5160794
56. Franke-Ullmann G, Pförtner C, Walter P, Steinmüller C, Lohmann-Matthes ML, Kobzik L. Characterization of murine lung interstitial macrophages in comparison with alveolar macrophages in vitro. J Immunol. 1996 Oct 1;157(7):3097-104.
57. Tan SY, Krasnow MA. Developmental origin of lung macrophage diversity. Development. 2016 Apr 15;143(8):1318-27. doi: 10.1242/dev.129122.
58. Ural BB, Yeung ST, Damani-Yokota P, Devlin JC, de Vries M, Vera-Licona P, Samji T, Sawai CM, Jang G, Perez OA, Pham Q, Maher L, Loke P, Dittmann M, Reizis B, Khanna KM. Identification of a nerve-associated, lung-resident interstitial macrophage subset with distinct localization and immunoregulatory properties. Sci Immunol. 2020 Mar 27;5(45):eaax8756. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax8756.
59. Taefehshokr N, Taefehshokr S, Hemmat N, Heit B. Covid-19: Perspectives on Innate Immune Evasion. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 30;11:580641. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580641.
60. De Virgiliis F, Di Giovanni S. Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020 Nov;16(11):645-652. doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0402-y.
61. Solano-Gálvez SG, Tovar-Torres SM, Tron-Gómez MS, Weiser-Smeke AE, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Franyuti-Kelly GA, Tapia-Moreno M, Ibarra A, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Human Dendritic Cells: Ontogeny and Their Subsets in Health and Disease. Med Sci (Basel). 2018 Oct 8;6(4):88. doi: 10.3390/medsci6040088.
62. Desch AN, Henson PM, Jakubzick CV. Pulmonary dendritic cell development and antigen acquisition. Immunol Res. 2013 Mar;55(1-3):178-86. doi: 10.1007/s12026-012-8359-6.
63. Campana P, Parisi V, Leosco D, Bencivenga D, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. Dendritic Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Still an Unclarified Connection. Cells. 2020 Sep 8;9(9):2046. doi: 10.3390/cells9092046.
64. Lawrence SM, Corriden R, Nizet V. How Neutrophils Meet Their End. Trends Immunol. 2020 Jun;41(6):531-544. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.008.
65. Rosales C. Neutrophil: A Cell with Many Roles in Inflammation or Several Cell Types? Front Physiol. 2018 Feb 20;9:113. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00113.
66. Selders GS, Fetz AE, Radic MZ, Bowlin GL. An overview of the role of neutrophils in innate immunity, inflammation and host-biomaterial integration. Regen Biomater. 2017 Feb;4(1):55-68. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbw041.
67. Tatum D, Taghavi S, Houghton A, Stover J, Toraih E, Duchesne J. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Outcomes in Louisiana COVID-19 Patients. Shock. 2020 Nov;54(5):652-658. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001585.
68. Veras FP, Pontelli MC, Silva CM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, de Lima M, Nascimento DC, Schneider AH, Caetité D, Tavares LA, Paiva IM, Rosales R, Colón D, Martins R, Castro IA, Almeida GM, Lopes MIF, Benatti MN, Bonjorno LP, Giannini MC, Luppino-Assad R, Almeida SL, Vilar F, Santana R, Bollela VR, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Borges M, Miranda CH, Pazin-Filho A, da Silva LLP, Cunha LD, Zamboni DS, Dal-Pizzol F, Leiria LO, Siyuan L, Batah S, Fabro A, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto A, Saldiva P, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Arruda E, Louzada-Junior P, Oliveira RD, Cunha FQ. SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology. J Exp Med. 2020 Dec 7;217(12):e20201129. doi: 10.1084/jem.20201129.
69. Leppkes M, Knopf J, Naschberger E, Lindemann A, Singh J, Herrmann I, Stürzl M, Staats L, Mahajan A, Schauer C, Kremer AN, Völkl S, Amann K, Evert K, Falkeis C, Wehrfritz A, Rieker RJ, Hartmann A, Kremer AE, Neurath MF, Muñoz LE, Schett G, Herrmann M. Vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. EBioMedicine. 2020 Aug;58:102925. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102925.
70. Middleton EA, He XY, Denorme F, Campbell RA, Ng D, Salvatore SP, Mostyka M, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, Borczuk AC, Loda M, Cody MJ, Manne BK, Portier I, Harris ES, Petrey AC, Beswick EJ, Caulin AF, Iovino A, Abegglen LM, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT, Egeblad M, Schiffman JD, Yost CC. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood. 2020 Sep 3;136(10):1169-1179. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007008.
71. Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Carvalho DCM, Lima ÉA, Galvão JGFM, da Silva JSF, Sales-Neto JM, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Neutrophils and COVID-19: The road so far. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jan;90:107233. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107233.
72. Gómez-Rial J, Rivero-Calle I, Salas A, Martinón-Torres F. Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in Covid-19 Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy. Infect Drug Resist. 2020 Jul 22;13:2485-2493. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S258639.
73. Ferreira AC, Soares VC, de Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Dias SDSG, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Sacramento CQ, Mattos M, de Freitas CS, Temerozo JR, Teixeira L, Damaceno Hottz E, Barreto EA, Pão CRR, Palhinha L, Miranda M, Bou-Habib DC, Bozza FA, Bozza PT, Souza TML. SARS-CoV-2 engages inflammasome and pyroptosis in human primary monocytes. Cell Death Discov. 2021 Mar 1;7(1):43. doi: 10.1038/s41420-021-00428-w. Erratum in: Cell Death Discov. 2021 May 19;7(1):116.
74. Boumaza A, Gay L, Mezouar S, Bestion E, Diallo AB, Michel M, Desnues B, Raoult D, La Scola B, Halfon P, Vitte J, Olive D, Mege JL. Monocytes and Macrophages, Targets of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Clue for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Immunoparalysis. J Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 2;224(3):395-406. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab044.
75. Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach A, Di Santo JP, Eberl G, Koyasu S, Locksley RM, McKenzie ANJ, Mebius RE, Powrie F, Spits H. Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On. Cell. 2018 Aug 23;174(5):1054-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.017.
76. Ebbo M, Crinier A, Vély F, Vivier E. Innate lymphoid cells: major players in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017 Nov;17(11):665-678. doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.86. Epub 2017 Aug 14. PMID: 28804130.
77. Masselli E, Vaccarezza M, Carubbi C, Pozzi G, Presta V, Mirandola P, Vitale M. NK cells: A double edge sword against SARS-CoV-2. Adv Biol Regul. 2020 Aug;77:100737. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100737.
78. García M, Kokkinou E, Carrasco García A, Parrot T, Palma Medina LM, Maleki KT, Christ W, Varnaitė R, Filipovic I, Ljunggren HG, Björkström NK, Folkesson E, Rooyackers O, Eriksson LI, Sönnerborg A, Aleman S, Strålin K, Gredmark-Russ S, Klingström J, Mjösberg J; Karolinska KI/K COVID‐19 Study Group. Innate lymphoid cell composition associates with COVID-19 disease severity. Clin Transl Immunology. 2020 Dec 14;9(12):e1224. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1224.
79. Bozzano F, Dentone C, Perrone C, Di Biagio A, Fenoglio D, Parodi A, Mikulska M, Bruzzone B, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Taramasso L, Nicolini L, Patroniti N, Pelosi P, Gratarola A, De Palma R, Filaci G, Bassetti M, De Maria A; GECOVID study group. Extensive activation, tissue trafficking, turnover and functional impairment of NK cells in COVID-19 patients at disease onset associates with subsequent disease severity. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Apr 16;17(4):e1009448. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009448.
80. Deschler S, Kager J, Erber J, Fricke L, Koyumdzhieva P, Georgieva A, Lahmer T, Wiessner JR, Voit F, Schneider J, Horstmann J, Iakoubov R, Treiber M, Winter C, Ruland J, Busch DH, Knolle PA, Protzer U, Spinner CD, Schmid RM, Quante M, Böttcher K. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2021 Feb 3;13(2):241. doi: 10.3390/v13020241.
81. Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets in lung biology. Annu Rev Physiol. 2013;75:569-91. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183752.
82. Vieira-de-Abreu A, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets: versatile effector cells in hemostasis, inflammation, and the immune continuum. Semin Immunopathol. 2012 Jan;34(1):5-30. doi: 10.1007/s00281-011-0286-4.
83. Yadav H, Kor DJ. Platelets in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015 Nov 1;309(9):L915-23. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00266.2015.
84. Lê VB, Schneider JG, Boergeling Y, Berri F, Ducatez M, Guerin JL, Adrian I, Errazuriz-Cerda E, Frasquilho S, Antunes L, Lina B, Bordet JC, Jandrot-Perrus M, Ludwig S, Riteau B. Platelet activation and aggregation promote lung inflammation and influenza virus pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Apr 1;191(7):804-19. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1031OC.
85. Ji HL, Zhao R, Matalon S, Matthay MA. Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a Common Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility. Physiol Rev. 2020 Jul 1;100(3):1065-1075. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2020.
86. Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020 Jul;506:145-148. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.022.
87. Zaid Y, Puhm F, Allaeys I, Naya A, Oudghiri M, Khalki L, Limami Y, Zaid N, Sadki K, Ben El Haj R, Mahir W, Belayachi L, Belefquih B, Benouda A, Cheikh A, Langlois MA, Cherrah Y, Flamand L, Guessous F, Boilard E. Platelets Can Associate with SARS-Cov-2 RNA and Are Hyperactivated in COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020 Sep 17;127(11):1404–18. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317703.
88. Manne BK, Denorme F, Middleton EA, Portier I, Rowley JW, Stubben C, Petrey AC, Tolley ND, Guo L, Cody M, Weyrich AS, Yost CC, Rondina MT, Campbell RA. Platelet gene expression and function in patients with COVID-19. Blood. 2020 Sep 10;136(11):1317-1329. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007214.
89. Bongiovanni D, Klug M, Lazareva O, Weidlich S, Biasi M, Ursu S, Warth S, Buske C, Lukas M, Spinner CD, Scheidt MV, Condorelli G, Baumbach J, Laugwitz KL, List M, Bernlochner I. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a pro-thrombotic platelet phenotype. Cell Death Dis. 2021 Jan 5;12(1):50. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03333-9.
90. Hottz ED, Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Palhinha L, Teixeira L, Barreto EA, Pão CRR, Righy C, Franco S, Souza TML, Kurtz P, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelet activation and platelet-monocyte aggregate formation trigger tissue factor expression in patients with severe COVID-19. Blood. 2020 Sep 10;136(11):1330-1341. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007252.
91. Taus F, Salvagno G, Canè S, Fava C, Mazzaferri F, Carrara E, Petrova V, Barouni RM, Dima F, Dalbeni A, Romano S, Poli G, Benati M, De Nitto S, Mansueto G, Iezzi M, Tacconelli E, Lippi G, Bronte V, Minuz P. Platelets Promote Thromboinflammation in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020 Dec;40(12):2975-2989. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315175.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The generation of derivative works is allowed as long as it is not done for commercial purposes. The original work may not be used for commercial purposes.