Characterization of the HIV-1 subtypes present in Cordoba (Argentina) from nearly the beginning of the infection, using the POL and ENV genes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v74.n3.15282Keywords:
HIV-1 infection, Córdoba, Argentina, HIV-1 subtypes, phylogenetic analyses, inter subtype recombinant strainsAbstract
Objective: In the present study we characterize, using a retrospective approach, the HIV-1 infection in Córdoba, Argentina, by determining the viral subtypes circulating in the period 1986-2001. Methods: The pol and env genes were analyzed using two different approaches: 1) comparing the sequences from Córdoba with those of pure subtypes and circulating recombinant forms of the HIV-1 M group; 2) subdividing the sequences into pure-subtype data sets (avoiding the effects of recombination) to determine if the subtypes from Córdoba have a single or multiple geographic origins. Results: The first approach revealed that eighteen strains were subtype B, seven B/F1, one C and one F1. Only two of the B/F1 corresponded to the CRF12_B/F1, previously described for Argentina; the remaining B/F1 sequences could be considered different forms of URF_B/F1. The Phylogenetic results of the second approach suggest that in Córdoba subtype B would have multiple geographic origins, while subtypes F1 and C would have been introduced directly from Brazil or indirectly from Buenos Aires. Conclusions: The great subtype variability indicates that the HIV-1 infection in Córdoba was complex since its very beginning. Our results also reveal the close contact of people of this city, through tourism and commercial activities, with those from Buenos Aires and Brazil.
Downloads
References
1. Nájera R, Delgado E, Pérez-Alvarez L, Thomson MM. Genetic recombination and its role in the development of the HIV-1 pandemic. AIDS 2002;16:S3-16.
2. HIV Sequence Compendium; Los Alamos National Laboratory. En: http://hiv-web.lanl.gov; consultado el 17/12/2014.
3. Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype distribution in the worldwide epidemic: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. J Virol 2007;81:10209-19.
4. Campodónico M, Janssens W, Heyndrickx L, Fransen K, Leonaers A, et al. HIV type 1 subtypes in Argentina and genetic heterogeneity of the V3 region. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 1996;12:79-81.
5. Marquina S, Leitner T, Rabinovich RD, Benetucci J, Libonatti O, Albert J. Coexistence of subtypes B, F, and an B/F env recombinant of HIV type 1 in Buenos Aires Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 1996;12:1651-54.
6. Fernández-Medina D, Jansson M, Rabinovich RD, Libonatti O, Wigzell H. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes B and F, B/F recombinant and dual infection with these subtypes in Argentina. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31:235-42.
7. Carr JK, Avila MM, Gómez-Carrillo M, Salomon H, Hierholzer J, et al. Diverse BF recombinants have spread widely since the introduction of HIV-1 into South America. AIDS 2001;15:F41-47.
8. Thomson MM, Delgado E, Herrero I, Villahermosa ML, Vázquez-de Parga E, et al. Diversity of mosaic structures and common ancestry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 B/F intersubtype recombinant viruses from Argentina revealed by analysis of near full-length genome sequences. J Gen Virol 2002;83:107-119.
9. Aulicino PC, Kopka J, Rocco C, Mangano AM, Sen L. Sequence analysis of a South American HIV Type 1 BC Recombinant. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2005;21:894-96.
10. Aulicino PC, Bello G, Guimaraes ML, Ruchansky D, Rocco C, et al. Longitudinal analysis of HIV-1 BF1 recombinant strains in vertically infected children from Argentina reveals a decrease in CRF12_BF pol gene mosaic patterns and high diversity of BF unique recombinant forms. Infect Genet Evol 2011;11:349-57.
11. Aulicino PC, Gómez-Carrillo M, Bello G, Rocco C, Mangano A, et al. Characterization of full-length HIV-1 CRF17_BF genomes and comparison to the prototype CRF12_BF strains. Infect Genet Evol 2012;12:443-47.
12. Pando MA, Eyzaguirre LM, Segura M, Bautista CT, Marone R, et al. First report of an HIV-1 triple recombinant of subtypes B, C and F in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrovirology 2006;3:59 doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-59.
13. Bello G, Aulicino PC, Ruchansky D, Guimarães ML, Lopez-Galindez C, et al. Phylodynamics of HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms 12_BF and 38_BF in Argentina and Uruguay. Retrovirology 2010;7:22 doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-22.
14. Pando MA, Eyzaguirre LM, Carrion G, Montano SM, Sanchez JL, et al. High genetic variability of HIV-1 in female sex workers from Argentina. Retrovirology 2007;4: 58 doi:10.1186/1742-4690-4-58
15. Pando MA, Gómez-Carrillo M, Vignoles M, Rubio AE, dos Ramos Farias MS, et al. Incidence of HIV Type 1 infection, antiretroviral drug resistance, and molecular characterization in newly diagnosed individuals in Argentina: a global fund project. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2011;27:17-23.
16. Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 2013;30:772-80.
17. Siepel AC, Halpern AL, Macken C, Korber BTM. A computer program designed to screen rapidly for HIV type 1 intersubtype recombinant sequences. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 1995;11:1413-16.
18. Alcántara LCJ, Cassol S, Libin P, Deforche K, Pybus OG, et al. A standardized framework for accurate, high-throughput genotyping of recombinant and non-recombinant viral sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2009;37:W634-42.
19. Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, et al. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 1999;73:152-60.
20. Schultz AK, Zhang M, Bulla I, Leitner T, Korber B, et al. jpHMM: Improving the reliability of recombination prediction in HIV-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2009;37:W647-51.
21. Pond SLK, Posada D, Gravenor MB, Woelk CH, Frost SDW. Automated phylogenetic detection of recombination using a genetic algorithm. Mol Biol Evol 2006;23:1891-01.
22. Swofford DL. PAUP* Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. 2003.
23. Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 2012;9:772 doi:10.1038/nmeth.2109
24. Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 2012;61:539-42.
25. Aulicino PC, Holmes EC, Rocco C, Mangano AM, Sen L. Extremely rapid spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 BF Recombinants in Argentina. J Virol 2007;81:427-29.
26. Thomson MM, Villahermosa ML, Vázquez de Parga E, Cuevas MT, Delgado E, et al. Widespread circulation of a B/F intersubtype recombinant form among HIV-1 infected individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. AIDS 2000;14:897-99.
27. Aulicino PC, Kopka J, Mangano AM, Rocco C, Iacono M, et al. Circulation of novel HIV type 1 A, B/C, and F subtypes in Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2005;21:158-64.
28. Jones LR, Dilernia DA, Manrique JM, Moretti F, Salomón H, Gómez-Carrillo M. In-depth analysis of the origins of HIV Type 1 subtype C in South America. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2009;25:951-59.
29. de Oliveira T, Pillay D, Gifford RJ. The HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in South America is linked to the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2010;5:e9311 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009311
30. Dilernia DA, Jones LR, Pando MA, Rabinovich RD, Damilano GD, et al. Analysis of HIV Type 1 BF recombinant sequences from South America dates the origin of CRF12_BF to a recombination event in the 1970s. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2011;27:569-78.
31. Junqueira DM, de Medeiros RM, Matte MCC, Araújo LAL, Chies JAB, et al. Reviewing the history of HIV-1: spread of subtype B in the Americas. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e27489 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027489.
32. Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:18566-70.
33. Aulicino PC, Bello G, Rocco C, Romero H, Mangano A, et al. Description of the first full-length HIV-1 subtype F1 strain in Argentina: Implications for the origin and dispersion of this subtype in South-America. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2007;23:1176-82.
34. Gómez-Carrillo M, Avila M, Hierholzer J, Pando MA, Martinez PL, et al. Mother-to-child HIV type 1 transmission in Argentina: BF recombinants have predominated in infected children since the mid-1980s. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2002;18:477-83.
35. Ruchansky D, Casado C, Russi JC, Arbiza JR, Lopez-Galindez C. Identification of a new HIV Type 1 Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF38_BF1) in Uruguay. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2009;25:351-56.
36. De Sa Filho DJ, Sucupira MC, Caseiro MM, Sabino EC, Diaz RS, Janini LM. Identification of two HIV type 1 circulating recombinant forms in Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2006;22:1-13.
37. Gómez-Carrillo M, Salomón H, Pando MA, Kijak G, Avila MM. Distribución de subtipos y recombinantes del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (HIV): situación en la Argentina. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 2001;61:881-89.
38. Carrión G, Eyzaguirre L, Montano SM, Laguna-Torres V, Serra M, et al. . Documentation of subtype C HIV type 1 strains in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2004;20:1022-25.
39. Santos AF, Sousa TM, Soares EAJM, Sanabani S, Martinez AMB, et al. . Characterization of a new circulating recombinant form comprising HIV-1 subtypes C and B in southern Brazil. AIDS 2006;20:2011-19.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The generation of derivative works is allowed as long as it is not done for commercial purposes. The original work may not be used for commercial purposes.
How to Cite
