Insecticidal and repellent effects of the essential oils obtained from Argentine aromatic flora
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v57.n4.37995Keywords:
Argentine aromatic plants, essential oils, insecticidal effect, repellencyAbstract
Global population is expected to increase to 9x109 individuals by 2050, which highlights the need to produce more food in a more sustainable way. The demand for alternatives to synthetic insecticides is reflected in the increasing amount of research dealing with essential oils as insecticidal and repellent compounds. Argentina has large regions of tropical, temperate, and cold climates, where many essential oil-producing plants grow and develop. In this context, the aim of the present study was to revise the most relevant literature about the insecticidal and repellent properties of essential oils from Argentine aromatic flora. The first section of the present review covers those essential oils used to control insects that are important to affect human and animal health, such as mosquitoes, flies, bed bugs, and vinchucas. The second part addresses essential oils that could be used as insecticides and repellents in horticulture and agriculture such as oilseed, such as moths, bugs, fruit flies, different phloem-sap-feeding insect species that attack vegetable and fruit crops, and weevils and beetles that affect stored grains and food commodities. Throughout this review, the toxicity of the most bioactive essential oils is discussed by considering their chemical profile and their major pure compounds molecular features. This literature review highlights the enormous potential of Argentine essential oils to be included in repellent and insecticidal formulations.
Downloads
References
ACHIMÓN, F., BRITO, V. D., PIZZOLITTO, R. P., SÁNCHEZ, A. R., GÓMEZ, E. A. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2021. Chemical composition and antifungal properties of commercial essential oils against the maize phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 53: 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2020.12.001.
ACHIMÓN, F., LEAL, L.E., PIZZOLITTO, R.P., BRITO V.D., ALARCÓN, R., OMARINI, A.B. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2022. Insecticidal and antifungal effects of Lemon, Orange, and Grapefruit peel essential oils from Argentina. Agriscientia 39: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v39.n1.33777.
ANDRADE, M.A., AZEVEDO, C.D.S., MOTTA, F.N., SANTOS, M.L.D., SILVA, C.L., SANTANA, J.M.D. & BASTOS, I. 2016. Essential Oils: In vitro activity against Leishmania Amazonensis, cytotoxicity and chemical composition. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 16: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1401-9.
ANIKET, K. & ROSHAN, D. En Insect repellent market by insect type (mosquito, bugs, fly repellent, and others) and product type (vaporizers, spray, cream, and others): Global oportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2019-2026 [online]. Disponible en: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/insect-repellent-market [Acceso: Mayo de 2022].
ARENA, J.S., PESCHIUTTA, M.L., CALVIMONTE, H. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2017. Fumigant and repellent activities of different essential oils alone and combined against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). MOJ Bioorg. Org. Chem. 1: 1–6. https://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2017.01.00043.
ARENA, J.S., OMARINI, A.B., ZUNINO, M.P., PESCHIUTTA, M.L., DEFAGÓ, M.T. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2018. Essential oils from Dysphania ambrosioides and Tagetes minuta enhance the toxicity of a conventional insecticide against Alphitobius diaperinus. Ind. Crops Prod. 122: 190–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.077.
BARBIERI, C. & BORSOTTO, P. 2018. Essential Oils: Market and legislation. In Hany A. El-Shemy (ed.). Potential of Essential Oils, pp. 107-127. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77725.
BENZI, V.S., MURRAY, A.P. & FERRERO, A.A. 2009. Insecticidal and insect-repellent activities of essential oils from Verbenaceae and Anacardiaceae against Rhizopertha dominica. Nat. Prod. Commun.1: 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400926
BENZI, V., STEFANAZZI, N., MURRAY, A.P., WERDIN GONZÁLEZ, J.O. & FERRERO, A. 2014. Composition, repellent, and insecticidal activities of two south american plants against the stored grain pests Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). ISRN Entomol. 2014: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/175827
BOHBOT, J.D., STRICKMAN, D. & ZWIEBEL, L.J. 2014. The future of insect repellent discovery and development. Outlooks Pest Manag. 25: 265–70. https://doi.org/10.1564/v25_aug_05
BUDEL, J.M., WANG, M., RAMAN, V., ZHAO, J., KHAN, S.I., REHMAN, J.U., ... & KHAN, I.A. 2018. Essential oils of five Baccharis species: Investigations on the chemical composition and biological activities. Molecules. 23: 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102620.
CHANTRAINE, J.M., LAURENT, D., BALLIVIAN, C., SAAVEDRA, G., IBANEZ, R. & VILASECA, L.A. 1998. Insecticidal activity of essential oils on Aedes aegypti Larvae. Phytother. Res. 12: 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199808)12:5<350::AID-PTR311>3.0.CO;2-7
CHU, S.S., FENG H.J. & LIU, Z. 2011. Composition of essential oil of chinese Chenopodium ambrosioides and insecticidal activity against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Pest Manag. Sci. 67: 714–718. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2112
CLEMENTE, S.V., MAREGGIANI, G., JUÁREZ, B. E., MENDIONDO, M.E., VAN BAREN, C.M., DI LEO, P., LIRA BROUSSALIS, A.M., BANDONI, A. L. & FERRARO, G.C. 2008. Insecticidal activity of the essential oil and extracts of Gutierrezia mandonii and G. repens (Asteraceae) growing in Argentina. J. Essent. Oil Res. 20: 276–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700011
CORZO, F.L., TRAVERSO, L., STERKEL, M., BENAVENTE, A., AJMAT, M.T. & ONS, S. 2020. Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): intoxication with essential oils isolated from Lippia turbinata (Griseb.) and analysis of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors, putative targets for pest control. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 104: e21684. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21684
DA SILVA, A. G., ALVES, R. C. C., FILHO, C. M. B., BEZERRA-SILVA, P. C., SANTOS, L. M. M. D., FOGLIO, M. A., FERRAZ NAVARRO, D.M.A, DA SILVA, M.V. & CORREIA, M. T. D. S. 2015. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of the essential oil from leaves of Eugenia brejoensis Mazine (Myrtaceae). J Essent. Oil Bear Pl. 18: 1441–1447. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.1000390.
DE ARIAS, A. R., SCHMEDA‐HIRSCHMANN, G. & FALCAO A.. 1992. Feeding deterrency and insecticidal effects of plant extracts on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Phytother. Res. 6: 64–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060203.
DESCAMPS, L. R. & SÁNCHEZ CHOPA, C. 2019. Insecticidal activity of essentials oils against Plutella xylostella larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Dominguezia 35: 35–38.
DHEN, N., MAJDOUB, O., SOUGUIR, S., TAYEB, W., LAARIF, A. & CHAIEB, I. 2014. Chemical composition and fumigant toxicity of Artemisia absinthium essential oil against Rhyzopertha dominica and Spodoptera littoralis. Tunis J. Plant Prot. 9: 57–65.
EL-SHAZLY, A.M. & HUSSEIN, K.T. 2004. Chemical analysis and biological activities of the essential oil of Teucrium leucocladum Boiss. (Lamiaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 32: 665–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2003.12.009.
ESCOBAR, F.M., CARIDDI, L.N., SABINI, M.C., REINOSO, E., SUTIL, S. B., TORRES, C.V., ZANON S.M. & SABINI, L.I. 2012. Lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Minthostachys verticillata essential oil: Studies in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50: 3062–3067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.018.
FIERASCU, R.C., FIERASCU, I., BAROI, A.M. & ORTAN, A. 2021. Selected aspects related to medicinal and aromatic plants as alternative sources of bioactive compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041521.
GARCÍA, M., SOSA, M.E., DONADEL, O.J., GIORDANO, O.S. & TONN, C.E. 2003. Effects of some sesquiterpenes on the stored-product insect Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Arg. 62: 17–26.
GILLIJ, Y.G., GLEISER, R.M. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2008. Mosquito repellent activity of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in Argentina. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 2507–2515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.066.
GLEISER, R.M., BONINO, M.A. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2011. Repellence of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in Argentina against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 108: 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2042-4.
GLEISER, R.M. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2007. Insecticidal properties of essential oils from Lippia turbinata and Lippia polystachya (Verbenaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 101: 1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0647-z.
GONZALEZ AUDINO, P., VASSENA, C., ZERBA, E. & PICOLLO, M. 2007. Effectiveness of lotions based on essential oils from aromatic plants against permethrin resistant Pediculus humanus capitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 299: 389–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-007-0772-7.
GOVINDARAJAN, M., RAJESWARY, M., HOTI, S.L., BHATTACHARYYA, A. & BENELLI, G. 2016. Eugenol, α-pinene and β-caryophyllene from Plectranthus barbatus essential oil as eco-friendly larvicides against malaria, dengue and japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors. Parasitol. Res. 115: 807–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4809-0.
GUERREIRO, A.C., CECATI, F.M., ARDANAZ, C.E., DONADEL, O.J., TONN, C.E. & SOSA, M.E. 2018. Assessment of the insecticidal potential of the Eupatorium buniifolium essential oil against Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). A chiral recognition approach. Neotrop. Entomol. 47: 418–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-018-0601-z.
GUTIÉRREZ, M.M., STEFANAZZI, N., WERDIN GONZÁLEZ, J.O., BENZI, V. & FERRERO A. 2009. Actividad fumigante de aceites esenciales de Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) y Tagetes terniflora (Asteraceae) sobre adultos de Pediculus humanus capitis (Insecta: Anoplura: Pediculidae). B. Latinoam. Caribe Pl. 8: 176–179.
GUTIÉRREZ, M.M., WERDIN-GONZÁLEZ, J.O., STEFANAZZI, N., BRAS, C. & FERRERO, A. A. 2016. The potential application of plant essential oils to control Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). Parasitol. Res. 115: 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4781-8.
HERRERA, J.M., ZUNINO, M.P., MASSUH, Y., PIZZOLLITO, R.P., DAMBOLENA, J.S., GAÑAN, N.A. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2014. Fumigant toxicity of five essential oils rich in ketones against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). AgriScientia 31: 35–41. https://doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v31.n1.9839.
HWANG, Y.S., WU, K.H., KUMAMOTO, J., AXELROD, H. & MULLA, M.S. 1985. Isolation and identification of mosquito repellents in Artemisia vulgaris. J. Chem. Ecol. 11: 1297–1306. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024117.
INKWOOD, R. En: MARKET RESEARCH REPORT: GLOBAL BIOPESTICIDES MARKET FORECAST 2020-2028 [online]. Disponible en: https://inkwoodresearch.com/reports/biopesticides-market/#report-summary [Acceso: Mayo de 2022].
KEMBRO, J.M., MARIN, R.H., ZYGADLO, J.A. & GLEISER, R.M. 2009. Effects of the essential oils of Lippia turbinata and Lippia polystachya (Verbenaceae) on the temporal pattern of locomotion of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Parasitol. Res. 104: 1119–1127. https://doi.org 10.1007/s00436-008-1296-6.
KURDELAS, R.R., LÓPEZ, S., LIMA, B., FERESIN, G.E., ZYGADLO, JA., ZACCHINO, S., LÓPEZ, M.L. & TAPIA, A. 2012. Chemical composition, anti-insect and antimicrobial activity of Baccharis darwinii essential oil from Argentina, Patagonia. Ind. Crops. Prod. 40: 261–267. https://doi.org 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.024.
LIMA, B., LÓPEZ, S., LUNA, L., AGÜERO, M.B., ARAGÓN, L., TAPIA, A., ZACCHINO S., LÓPEZ, M.L., ZYGADLO, J.A. & FERESIN, G. E. 2011. Essential oils of medicinal plants from the central andes of Argentina: Chemical composition, and antifungal, antibacterial, and insect-repellent activities. Chem. Biodivers. 8: 924–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201000230.
LÓPEZ, S.B., LÓPEZ, M.L., ARAGÓN, L.M., TERESCHUK, M.L., SLANIS, A.C., FERESIN, G.E., ZYGADLO, J.A. & TAPIA, A.A. 2011. Composition and anti-insect activity of essential oils from Tagetes species (Asteraceae, Helenieae) on Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and Triatoma infestans Klug. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59: 5286–5292. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104966b.
LÓPEZ, S.B., LIMA, B., ARAGÓN, L., ESPINAR, L. A., TAPIA, A., ZACCHINO, S., ZYGADLO, J.A., FERESIN, G.E. & LÓPEZ, M.L. 2012. Essential oil of Azorella cryptantha collected in two different locations from San Juan Province, Argentina: chemical variability and anti-insect and antimicrobial activities. Chem. Biodivers. 9: 1452–1464. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100319.
LÓPEZ, S.B., LIMA, B., AGÜERO, M.B., LOPEZ, M.L., HADAD, M., ZYGADLO, J.A., CABALLERO, D. & TAPIA, A. 2018. Chemical composition, antibacterial and repellent activities of Azorella trifurcata, Senecio pogonias, and Senecio oreophyton essential oils. Arab. J. Chem. 11: 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.022.
LÓPEZ, S.B., TAPIA, A., ZYGADLO, J., STARIOLO, R., ABRAHAM, G.A. & CORTEZ TORNELLO, P.R. 2021. Zuccagnia punctata Cav. essential oil into poly(ε-caprolactone) matrices as a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy biorepellent against Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Molecules 26: 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134056.
MACHADO, C.D., RAMAN, V., REHMAN, J. U., MAIA, B.H., MENEGHETTI, E.K., ALMEIDA, V.P., ROSI, Z.S., FARAGO, P.V., KHAN, I.A. & BUDEL, J.M. 2019. Schinus molle: Anatomy of leaves and stems, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of volatile oil against bed bug (Cimex lectularius). Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 29: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.10.005.
MAMANI DE MARCHESE, A. & FILIPPONE, M.P. 2018. Bioinsumos: componentes claves de una agricultura sostenible. RANAR. 38: 9–21.
MARRONE, P.G. 2014. The market and potential for biopesticides. ACS Symp. Ser. 1172: 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch016.
MULLO, Y.N. 2011. Biological activity of essential oils from Aloysia polystachya and Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae) against the soybean pest Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Tesis de grado. Escuela superior politécnica de Chimborazo. Facultad de Ciencias.
OLIVA, M.M., GALLUCCI, N, ZYGADLO, J.A. & M. S. DEMO M.S. 2007. Cytotoxic activity of Argentinean essential oils on Artemia salina. Pharm. Biol. 45: 259–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701214557.
OLMEDO, R., HERRERA, J.M., LUCINI, E.I., ZUNINO M.P, PIZZOLITTO, DAMBOLENA, J.S. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2015. Essential oil of Tagetes filifolia against the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and its relation to acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation. AgriScientia 32: 113–121. https://doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v32.n2.16562
PALACIOS, S.M., BERTONI, A., ROSSI, Y., SANTANDER, R. & URZÚA, A. 2009. Insecticidal activity of essential oils from native medicinal plants of central argentina against the house fly, Musca domestica (L.). Paras. Res. 106: 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1651-2.
PANDEY, A.K., KUMAR, P., SINGH, P., TRIPATHI, N.N. & BAJPAI, V.K. 2017. Essential oils: sources of antimicrobials and food preservatives. Front. Microbiol. 7: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02161.
PAVELA, R. 2010. Acute and synergistic effects of monoterpenoid essential oil compounds on the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. J. Biopestic. 3: 573–578.
PAVELA, R. 2012. Sublethal effects of some essential oils on the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). J. Essent. Oil Bear. Pl. 15: 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2012.10644030
PESCHIUTTA, M.L., PIZZOLITTO R.P., ORDANO, M.P., ZAIO, Y.P. & ZYGADLO, J.A. 2017. Laboratory evaluation of insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Vitis 56: 79–83. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2017.56.79-83.
RAJABI, S., RAMAZANI, A., HAMIDI, M. & NAJI, T. 2015. Artemia salina as a model organism in toxicity assessment of nanoparticles. DARU. 23: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40199-015-0105-x.
SÁNCHEZ CHOPA, C. & DESCAMPS, L.R. 2012. Composition and biological activity of essential oils against Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cereal crop pest. Pest Manag. Sci. 68: 1492–1500. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3334.
SÁNCHEZ CHOPA, C. & DESCAMPS, L.R. 2015. Toxicidad de aceites esenciales de Verbenaceas sobre adultos de Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididade) toxicity of essential oils from Verbenaceae against Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adults. Dominguezia 31: 31–36.
SARAN, A., FERNÁNDEZ, L., MINIG, M., REINHARD, M.B. & MERINI, L.J. 2019. Repellent activity of essential oils from native plants and their blend for Tribolium castaneum control in store grains. Semiárida UNLPam. 29: 43–51. https://doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2019(01).
SOSA, A., COSTA, M., SALVATORE, A., BARDON, A.D.V., BORKOSKY, S. & VERA, N. 2017. Insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from Pluchea sagittalis (Asteraceae) on Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech. 2: 361–369. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.45.
SOSA, M. E., LANCELLE, H. G., TONN, C. E., ANDRES, M. F. & GONZALEZ-COLOMA, A. 2012. Insecticidal and nematicidal essential oils from Argentinean Eupatorium and Baccharis spp. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 43: 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2012.03.007.
STEFANAZZI, N., STADLER, T. & FERRERO, A. 2011. Composition and toxic, repellent and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against the stored-grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 67: 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2102.
TOLOZA, A.C., ZYGADLO, J.A., CUETO, G. M., BIURRUN, F., ZERBA, E. & PICOLLO, M.I. 2006. Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[889:FARPOE]2.0.CO;2.
TOLOZA, A.C., ZYGADLO, J.A., BIURRUN, F., ROTMAN, A. & PICOLLO, M.I. 2010. Bioactivity of Argentinean essential oils against permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. J. Insect Sci. 10: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.14145.
TOMOVA, B.S., WATERHOUSE, J.S. & DOBERSKI, J. 2005. The effect of fractionated Tagetes oil volatiles on aphid reproduction. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 115: 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00291.x.
UMPIÉRREZ, M.L., LAGRECA, M.E., CABRERA, R., GRILLE, G. & ROSSINI, C. 2012. Essential oils from Asteraceae as potential biocontrol tools for tomato pests and diseases. Phytochem. Rev. 11: 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-012-9253-5.
WERDIN GONZALEZ, J.O., GUTIÉRREZ, M.M., MURRAY, A.P. & FERRERO, A.A. 2010. Biological activity of essential oils from Aloysia polystachya against the soybean pest Nezara viridula. Nat. Product Commun. 5: 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X100050022
WIMALARATNE, P.D.C., SLESSOR, K.N., BORDEN, J.H., CHONG, L.J. & ABATE, T. 1996. Isolation and identification of house fly, Musca domestica L., repellents from pepper tree, Schinus molle L. J. Chem. Ecol. 22: 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02040199.
YONES, D.A., HANAA Y.B. & BAYOUMI, S.A.L. 2016. Chemical composition and efficacy of some selected plant oils against Pediculus humanus capitis in vitro. Parasitol. Res. 115: 3209–3218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5083-5.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Fernanda Achimón, Magalí Beato, Vanessa D. Brito, María L. Peschiutta, Jimena M. Herrera, Carolina Merlo, Romina P. Pizzolitto, Julio A. Zygadlo, María P. Zunino
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Provides immediate and free OPEN ACCESS to its content under the principle of making research freely available to the public, which fosters a greater exchange of global knowledge, allowing authors to maintain their copyright without restrictions.
Material published in Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
