Optimized chromatographic methods for the identification and quantification of terpenes in Cannabis sativa oil for medicinal use
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v80.n2.39593Keywords:
terpenes, gas chromatography, quality control, Cannabis sativaAbstract
Introduction: Cannabis sativa is a plant species with numerous active principles, so the list of its therapeutic uses is expanding. In this sense, there are numerous evidences of the possible medicinal use of terpenes, as well as their synergism with cannabinoids (entourage effect). Thus, as more countries contemplate the legalization and authorization of medical cannabis, the number of cannabis extraction and analysis laboratories is increasing to meet the demand, requiring adequate analytical tools. Methodology: In response to numerous inquiries from physicians, analytical laboratories and users, the PROBIEN chromatography laboratory has selected two methods for the analysis of terpenes in Cannabis oil by gas chromatography technique (GC-FID). The methods are described using HP-5 and Innowax columns. The external standard method was used for the quantitative determination of β-Pinene, Myrcene, p-Cymene, Limonene, Linalool, α-Terpineol, Nerol and Geraniol. Results: good peak separation and reproducibility were observed, appropriate for the identification and quantification of the main terpenes in Cannabis extracts. The area/concentration ratio was linear in the range of 0.0005 to 2.0 mg/ml. Main conclusion: The described methods allow the identification and quantification of the major terpenes in Cannabis oil for an adequate quality control.
Downloads
References
Araujo dos Santos N, RomãoW. Cannabis – A state of the art about the millenary plant: Part I. Forensic Chemistry 2023;32:100470. doi: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100470.
Safakish R, Ko G, Salimpour V, Hendin B, Sohanpal I, Loheswaran G, Yoon SYR. Medical Cannabis for the Management of Pain and Quality of Life in Chronic Pain Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Pain Med. 2020 Nov 1;21(11):3073-3086. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa163.
Purcell JM, Passley TM, Leheste JR. The cannabidiol and marijuana research expansion act: Promotion of scientific knowledge to prevent a national health crisis. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022 Jul 13;14:100325. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100325.Purcell JM, Passley TM, Leheste JR. The cannabidiol and marijuana research expansion act: Promotion of scientific knowledge to prevent a national health crisis. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;14:100325. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100325
Comisión de Estupefacientes de las Naciones Unidas. 2 CND votes on recommendations for cannabis and cannabis-related substances. (2020, December) Press Statement. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_63Reconvened/Press_statement_CND_2_December.pdf
O'Connor SM, Lietzan E. The Surprising Reach of FDA Regulation of Cannabis, Even After Descheduling. Am Univ Law Rev. 2019;68(3):823-925.
Ley N° 27350 “Investigación médica y científica del uso medicinal de la planta de cannabis y sus derivados. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos; 2019. Disponible en: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/justicia/derechofacil/leysimple/cannabis-medicinal
Ley N° 27669 “Marco regulatorio para el desarrollo de la industria del cannabis medicinal y el cáñamo industrial”. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Senado y Cámara de Diputados de la Nación Argentina; 2022.Disponible en: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-27669-365303/texto.
Manzo PG, Martín S, Uema S, Charles G, Montero Bruni F, Núñez Montoya S, Bertotto ME, Eynard M, Armando P, Bustos Fierro C. Caracterización de la problemática del uso terapéutico del Aceite de Cannabis en Córdoba, Argentina [Characterization of the problem of the therapeutic use of Cannabis Oil in Córdoba, Argentina]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 2022 Jun 6;79(2):123-131. Spanish. doi: 10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n2.30922.
Flores E. Cannabis y Sociedad. Resultados de la 1ra Encuesta Nacional de personas que usan Cannabis en Argentina (EPC 2020). 2022 Agosto. Disponible en: https://encuestacannabis.ar/
Radwan MM, Chandra S, Gul S, ElSohly MA. Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis. Molecules. 2021 May 8;26(9):2774. doi: 10.3390/molecules26092774.
Burnett GM, Gorelick DA, Hill KP. Policy Ahead of the Science: Medical Cannabis Laws Versus Scientific Evidence. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2022 Sep;45(3):347-373. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.05.002.
Reddy DS. Therapeutic and clinical foundations of cannabidiol therapy for difficult-to-treat seizures in children and adults with refractory epilepsies. Exp Neurol. 2023 Jan;359:114237. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114237.
Cuestas E. Cannabis para el dolor neuropático crónico [Cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain.]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 2019 Mar 11;76(1):1-2. Spanish. doi: 10.31053/1853.0605.v76.n1.23669.
Das PC, Vista AR, Tabil LG, Baik OD. Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022 Aug 3;9(8):364. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9080364.
Desaulniers Brousseau V, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Morello V, Lefsrud M. Cannabinoids and Terpenes: How Production of Photo-Protectants Can Be Manipulated to Enhance Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry. Front Plant Sci. 2021 May 31;12:620021. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620021.
Chacon FT, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE, Kellogg JJ. Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy. Biomedicines. 2022 Dec 6;10(12):3142. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10123142.
Datta S, Ramamurthy PC, Anand U, Singh S, Singh A, Dhanjal DS, Dhaka V, Kumar S, Kapoor D, Nandy S, Kumar M, Koshy EP, Dey A, Proćków J, Singh J. Wonder or evil?: Multifaceted health hazards and health benefits of Cannabis sativa and its phytochemicals. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Dec;28(12):7290-7313. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.036.
Fischedick JT, Hazekamp A, Erkelens T, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes. Phytochemistry. 2010 Dec;71(17-18):2058-73. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.001.
Ciolino LA, Ranieri TL, Taylor AM. Commercial cannabis consumer products part 1: GC-MS qualitative analysis of cannabis cannabinoids. Forensic Sci Int. 2018 Aug;289:429-437. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.032.
Sarma ND, Waye A, ElSohly MA, Brown PN, Elzinga S, Johnson HE, Marles RJ, Melanson JE, Russo E, Deyton L, Hudalla C, Vrdoljak GA, Wurzer JH, Khan IA, Kim NC, Giancaspro GI. Cannabis Inflorescence for Medical Purposes: USP Considerations for Quality Attributes. J Nat Prod. 2020 Apr 24;83(4):1334-1351. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01200
Nahar L, Guo M, Sarker SD. Gas chromatographic analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids: A review of literature published during the past decade. Phytochem Anal. 2020 Mar;31(2):135-146. doi: 10.1002/pca.2886.
Bakro F, Jedryczka M, Wielgusz K, Sgorbini B, Inchingolo R, Cardenia V. Simultaneous determination of terpenes and cannabidiol in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by fast gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci. 2020 Jul;43(14):2817-2826. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201900822.
Iseppi R, Brighenti V, Licata M, Lambertini A, Sabia C, Messi P, Pellati F, Benvenuti S. Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp). Molecules. 2019 Jun 21;24(12):2302. doi: 10.3390/molecules24122302.
Ibrahim EA, Wang M, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Majumdar CG, Avula B, Wang YH, Khan IA, Chandra S, Lata H, Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Ibrahim AK, Ahmed SA, ElSohly MA. Analysis of Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. Using GC/MS: Method Development, Validation, and Application. Planta Med. 2019 Mar;85(5):431-438. doi: 10.1055/a-0828-8387.
Ternelli M, Brighenti V, Anceschi L, Poto M, Bertelli D, Licata M, Pellati F. Innovative methods for the preparation of medical Cannabis oils with a high content of both cannabinoids and terpenes. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020 Jul 15;186:113296. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113296.
Calvi L, Pentimalli D, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Gelmini F, Beretta G, Vitali D, Bruno M, Zilio E, Pavlovic R, Giorgi A. Comprehensive quality evaluation of medical Cannabis sativa L. inflorescence and macerated oils based on HS-SPME coupled to GC-MS and LC-HRMS (q-exactive orbitrap®) approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018 Feb 20;150:208-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.073.
Hajjar ER, Lungen JM, Worster BK. Therapeutic Benefits of Medical Cannabis. Physician Assistant Clinics. 2023;8(2):281-291, doi: 10.1016/j.cpha.2022.10.008.
Campos DA, Mendivil EJ, Romano M, García M, Martínez ME. A Systematic Review of Medical Cannabinoids Dosing in Human. Clin Ther. 2022 Dec;44(12):e39-e58. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.10.003.
Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A, Yasir B, Rahma Rumata N, Emran TB, Nainu F, Simal-Gandara J. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem X. 2022 Jan 19;13:100217. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217.
Meenu M, Padhan B, Patel M, Patel R, Xu B. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of plants against Salmonella and Listeria spp. Food Chem. 2023 Mar 15;404(Pt B):134723. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134723.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Faculty of Medical Sciences Journal (RFCM) subscribes to the Open Access policy and does not charge authors fees for publishing, nor does it charge readers fees for accessing published articles (APC).
