Enfermedades neurodegenerativas edad - dependientes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v57.n1.38480Palabras clave:
.Resumen
El cerebro es un conjunto singular de estructuras nerviosas que rigen los actos de nuestra vida. Esta masa esponjosa de menos de kilo 'i medio de materia nerviosa que se encuentra situada en la cavidad craneal, es la estructura viva más complicada que conocemos en el universo. El cerebro controla las actividades corporales. motoras y sensoriales, da forma a nuestros pensamientos, esperanzas, ilusiones e imaginación.
Como complejo biológico, el cerebro y StL5 componentes tisulares están expuestos a diversos procesos nosológicos que alteran sus
funciones provocando una gran variedad de enfermedades neurológicas. Efectivamente, las más de mil afecciones del cerebro se traducen en más hospitalizaciones que otro grupo de enfermedades incluyendo las cardiopatías y el cáncer. Así por ejemplo, las enfermedades neurológicas afectan anualmente a más de 50 millones de americanos y cuestan más de 120.000 millones de dólares. Dentro de las enfermedades que afectan el cerebro, existen un grupo de ellas que, además del coste directo destinado a su diagnóstico y tratamiento, tienen un coste social igual o más importante. Ellas son las enfermedades neurodegenerativas edad-
dependientes y aquéllas relacionadas a enfermedad cerebrovascular.
La edad biológica constituye uno de los mecanismos básicos que sirven a la sociedad para establecer diferentes estados y roles a sus integrantes. Clásicamente se define al envejecimiento en relación con el periodo social de la vida unido al deterioro biológico. Sin embargo, el periodo biológico de los seres humanos se altera con los cambios sociales, o sea que están sujetos a determinantes sociológicos.
La vida se divide tradicionalmente en periodos diferentes denominados "etapas vitales". Sin embargo, actualmente este agrupamiento está íntimamente relacionado con parámetros sociales y económicos. En el caso de la ancianidad, es verdaderamente difícil aceptar una edad específica y un estado social específico como es lajubilación o el retiro de la actividad laboral.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (2), en una excelente visión desde sus 80 años que fue publicada inmediatamente después de su muerte, en 1934, propuso que "Se es verdaderamente anciano, psicológica y físicamente, cuando se pierde la curiosidad intelectual, y cuando, con la torpeza de las piernas, coincide la torpeza y la premiosidad de la palabra y del pensamiento". Esta situación, de acuerdo con S. Ramón y Cajal, produce un aislamiento social. Se ha sugerido que las condiciones bio-
lógicas y sociales son determinantes en el envejecimiento fisiológico. Sin embargo, a pesar de la situación biológica o social, cienvejecimiento esta íntimamente relacionado al comportamiento que el anciano tuvo en periodos anteriores de su vida.
Las enfermedades neurodegenerativas edad-dependientes son aquellas en las que el enveiecimiento cerebral guarda algún tipo de
relación con los mecanismos de producción de estas enfermedades y que debido al incremento de las expectativas de vida tienden a incrementarse progresivamente. Enfermedad de Alzheimer: Uno de los más aterradores y desvastadores de todos los trastornos neurológicos es la demencia causada por la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Así, por ejemplo, se calcula que afecta a unos 4 millones de americanos provocando un coste anual de 80.000 millones de dólares. Esta enfermedad suele empezar a los 60 años y deja a sus víctimas incapaces de valerse por sí solos desde sus fases iniciales. Esta razón hace que el coste social sea aún mayor. Tanto la causa como su tratamiento están aún en fase de investigación.
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