Factor climático en las transformaciones culturales de Eurasia a mediados del cuarto al Tercer Milenio A.C., y las posibilidades de crear una cronología absoluta
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Al estudiar los procesos históricos de la antigüedad, enfrentamos el problema de la cronología, ya que los intervalos de confianza de las fechas de radiocarbono son demasiado
amplios, al igual que los tiempos de vida de determinados tipos de artefactos. Una solución puede ser estudiar la aparición de nuevas culturas como resultado de migraciones. Alrespecto, los cambios climáticos fueron uno de los estímulos más importantes de las mismas en la Antigüedad. El clima permite explicar la aparición de monumentos de tradición
megalítica en la región noroccidental del Mar Negro (Usatovo), en el Cáucaso septentrional (Novosvobodnaya), en los Urales y en Asia central (Chemurchek) entre el cuarto y tercer milenio a.C., y también la propagación de la cultura Yamnaya en Europa central, la aparición de las culturas de la Cerámica Cordada (“Corded Ware”), entre otros cambios. Sin embargo, el proceso general de cambio climático no pudo ser el desencadenante de las migraciones, sino que estas fueron fomentadas por cambios climáticos drásticos a corto plazo registrados por la dendrocronología. Las ventajas de la aproximación dendrocronológica es que puede utilizarse como proxy temporal, de manera independiente a los análisis de radiocarbono, los cuales tienen intervalos de confianza demasiado amplios. El enfoque dendrocronológico permitió determinar la fecha de la migración Yamnaya a la cuenca de los Cárpatos y la formación de las culturas de la Cerámica Cordada hacia ca. 2910-2850 a.C., y la fecha de la migración Fatyanovo desde Europa central hacia el Este hacia ca. 2564 a.C. Desgraciadamente, las fechas de aparición de los megalitos en el Este no se determinan con una precisión similar, debido a la imposibilidad de verificarlo con fuentes alternativas. Su aparición puede fecharse hacia mediados del cuarto milenio a.C. en Europa Oriental, en los últimos siglos del cuarto milenio a.C. en los Urales y hacia mediados del tercer milenio a.C. en Asia Central.
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