Evidence of Validity and Reliability of a Measure of Loneliness in Peruvian Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v17.n2.18726Keywords:
adolescentes, confiabilidad, soledad, validezAbstract
In this article evidence of validity was analyzed, based on the internal structure and reliability of the scores of the 11 items of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) in Peruvian adolescents. The study was carried out with a sample of 851 adolescents (M = 15.07 years old, SD. = 1.5) from schools in Metropolitan Lima. Factor analysis showed a two-dimensional oblique structure (social and emotional loneliness) with good indices of goodness of fit (CFI ≥ .90, RMSEA ≤ .08). Reliability was estimated using the omega coefficient (ω = .827), and considered as acceptable (≥ .70). It is concluded that the DJGLS shows adequate psychometric properties and can be considered a brief measure for the study of loneliness in Peruvian adoles-cents. Also, the use of DJGLS with this factorial structure allows a better knowledge of the individual and social factors involved in the development of loneliness.
Downloads
References
Adamczyk, K., & Segrin, C. (2015). Direct and indirect effects of young adults’ relationship status on life satisfaction through loneliness and perceived social support. Psychologica Belgica, 55(4), 196-211. doi: 10.5334/pb.bn
Asher, S. R., & Weeks, M. S. (2014). Loneliness and belongingness in the college years. En R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 283-301). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Asher, S. R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P. D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55(4), 1456-1464.
Ato, M., López, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059.
Ayala, A., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., Frades-Payo, B., João-Forjaz, M., Martínez-Martín, P., Fernández-Mayoralas, G., & Rojo-Pérez, F. (2012). Psycho-metric properties of the Functional Social Support Questionnaire and the Loneliness Scale in non-institutionalized older adults in Spain. Gaceta Sanitaria, 26(4), 317-324. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.08.009
Baytemir, K., & Yildiz, M. A. (2017). Multiple mediation of loneliness and negative emotions in the relationship between adolescents’ social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(3), 612-620.
Benner, A. D., & Crosnoe, R. (2011). The racial/ethnic composition of elementary schools and young children’s academic and socioemotional functioning. American Educational Research Journal, 48(3), 621-646. doi: 10.3102/0002831210384838
Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Boruch, W., & Bałakier, E. (2016). Self-presentation styles, privacy, and loneliness as predictors of Facebook use in young people. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.051
Brennan, T. (1982). Loneliness at adolescence. En L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A source-book of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 269-290). New York: Wiley.
Buz, J., Pérez-Arrechaederra, D. (2014). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Spanish version of the 11-item De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale. International Psychogeriatrics 26(9), 1553-1564. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214000507
Buz, J., & Prieto, G. (2013). Analysis of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale using the Rasch model. Universitas Psychologica, 12(3), 971-981. doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY12-3.aesd
Buz, J., Urchaga, D., & Polo, M. E. (2014). Factor structure of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Spanish elderly adults. Anales de Psicología, 30(2), 588-596. doi: 10.6018/analesps.30.2.148371
Caballero, F. F. (2011). Selección de modelos mediante criterios de información en análisis factorial. Aspectos teóricos y computacionales (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
Cardona, J. L., Villamil, M. M., Henao, E., & Quintero, A. (2010). Validación de la escala ESTE para medir la soledad de la población adulta. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 28(3), 416-427.
Cava, M. J., Musitu, G., & Murgui, S. (2007). Individual and social risk factors related to overt victimization in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Psychological Reports, 101(1), 275-290.
Çavdar, D., Bağcı, V., Çorbacı, E. C., Sarıtaş, S., & Taşdelen-Yayvak, M. K. (2015). Adaptation of De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale into Turkish. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(9), 84-92.
Culp, A. M., Clyman, M. M., & Culp, R. E. (1995). Adolescent depressed mood, reports of suicide attempts, and asking for help. Adolescence, 30, 827-837.
De Jong-Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 119-128. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.119
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. H. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289-299. doi: 10.1177/014662168500900307
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (1999). Living arrangements of older adults in the Netherlands and Italy: Coresidence values and behaviour and their consequences for loneliness. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 14(1), 1-24.
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi: 10.1177/0164027506289723
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong-Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121-130. doi: 10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. G. (1992). Triangulatie in operationaliseringsmethoden. En G. J. N. Bruinsma & M. A. Zwanenburg (Eds.), Methodologie voor Bestuurskundigen: Stromingen en Methoden (pp. 273-298). Muiderberg: Coutinho.
Doman, L. C. H., & Le Roux, A. (2010). The causes of loneliness and the factors that contribute towards it: A literature review. Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe, 50(2), 216-228.
Edgren, R., Castrén, S., Jokela, M., & Salonen, A. H. (2016). At-risk and problem gambling among Finnish youth: The examination of risky alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, mental health and loneliness as gender-specific correlates. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 33(1), 61-80. doi: 10.1515/nsad-2016-0005
Fernández, A., Pérez, E., Alderete, A. M., Richaud, M. C., & Liporace, M. F. (2011). ¿Construir o adaptar tests psicológicos? Diferentes respuestas a una cuestión controvertida. Evaluar, 10, 60-74. Recuperado de https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/revaluar
Galanaki, E. P., Polychronopoulou, S. A., & Babalis, T. K. (2008). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction among behaviourally at-risk children. School Psychology International, 29(2), 214-229. doi: 10.1177/0143034308090061
Goosby, B. J., Bellatorre, A., Walsemann, K. M., & Cheadle, J. E. (2013). Adolescent loneliness and health in early adulthood. Sociological Inquiry, 83(4), 505-536. doi: 10.1111/soin.12018
Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., & Rębisz, S. (2016). Using the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale with early adolescents: Factor structure, reliability, stability, and external validity. Assessment. doi: 10.1177/1073191116682298
Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., Rebisz, S., Switaj, P., & Sikorska, J. (2012). Validating the Polish adaptation of the 11-item De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29, 129-139. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000130
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2005). Análisis multivariante. Madrid: Pearson.
Hall-Lande, J. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Christenson, S. L., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Social isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(166), 265-286.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227. doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695-718. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2015). Adolescent eating disorders: Update on definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(1), 177-196. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2014.08.003
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic re-view. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1-20. doi: 10.1371/jour-nal.pmed.1000316
Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The bi-factor method. Psychometrika, 2, 41-54.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Wood, L., Carroll, A., Martin, K., & Tan, C. (2014). Conceptualising loneliness in ado-lescents: Development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(5), 604-616. doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0429-z
Hoza, B., Bukowski, W. M., & Beery, S. (2000). Assessing peer network and dyadic loneliness. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 119-128. doi: 10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_12
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Huysamen, G. K. (2006). Coefficient alpha: Unnecessarily ambiguous; unduly ubiquitous. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 34-40.
Iecovich, E. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Educational Gerontology, 39(1), 12-27. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2012.660860
Jobe-Shields, L., Cohen, R., & Parra, G. R. (2011). Patterns of change in children’s loneliness: Trajectories from third through fifth grades. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 57(1), 25-47.
Krause-Parello, C. A. (2008). Loneliness in the school setting. The Journal of School Nursing, 24(2), 66-70. doi: 10.1177/10598405080240020301
Kunst, M., Bogaerts, S., & Winkel, F. W. (2010). Domestic violence and mental health in a Dutch community sample: The adverse role of loneliness. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 20(5), 419-425. doi: 10.1002/casp.1040
Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013). Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: Normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1269-1282. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004
Lasgaard, M., Goossens, L., & Elklit, A. (2011). Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(1), 137-150. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010-9442-x
Laursen, B., & Hartl, A. C. (2013). Understanding loneliness during adolescence: Developmental changes that increase the risk of perceived social isolation. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1261-1268. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.003
Leung, G. T. Y., De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Lam, L. C. W. (2008). Validation of the Chinese translation of the 6-item De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale in elderly Chinese. International Psychogeriatrics, 20(6), 1262-1272. doi: 10.1017/S1041610208007552
Levine, M. P. (2012). Loneliness and eating disorders. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 243-257. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.606435
Levitt, M. J., Guacci-Franco, N., & Levitt, J. L. (1993). Convoys of social support in child-hood and early adolescence: Structure and function. Developmental Psychology, 29, 811-818. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.5.811
Lorh, S. (2000). Muestreo: Diseño y análisis. México, DF: Internacional Thomson Editores.
Madsen, K. R., Damsgaard, M. T., Rubin, M., Jervelund, S. S., Lasgaard, M., Walsh, S. ... & Holstein, B. E. (2016). Loneliness and ethnic composition of the school class: A nationally random sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(7), 1350-1365. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0432-3
Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55(5), 308-315.
Marcoen, A., Goossens, L., & Caes, P. (1987). Lonelines in pre-through late adolescence: Exploring the contributions of a multidimensional approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(6), 561-577.
Mardia K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. doi: 10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mcwhirter, B. T., Besett-Alesch, T. M., Horibata, J., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), 69-84. doi: 10.1080/13676260120111779
Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Dennis, M. S., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., & Brugha, T. S. (2013). Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(1), 5-13. doi: 10.1007/s00127-012-0515-8
Miller, G. (2011). Why loneliness is hazardous to your health. Science, 331(6014), 138-140.
Muñiz, J. (1994). Teoría clásica de los test. Madrid: Pirámide.
Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(9), WE01-WE04. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/10077.4828
Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., & Hollis, M. (1987). On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random. Psychometrika, 52(3), 431-462.
Page, R. M., Dennis, M., Lindsay, G. B., & Merrill, R. M. (2011). Psychosocial distress and substance use among adolescents in four countries: Philippines, China, Chile, and Namibia. Youth & Society, 43(3), 900-930. doi: 10.1177/0044118X10368932
Parlee, M. B. (1979). The friendship bond. Psychology Today, 13, 43-54.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. En S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal Relationships 3: Personal Relationships in Disorder (pp. 31-56). New York: Academic Press.
Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Patrão, I. M. (2014). Internet addiction and loneliness among children and adolescents in the education setting: An empirical pilot study. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de L’educació i de L’esport Blanquerna, 32(1), 91-98.
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Rotenberg, K. J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., Goossens, L. ... & Munn, P. (2013). Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1283-1293. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M. ... & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. doi: 10.1177/1745691615568999
R Development Core Team (2007). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [software de cómputo] Viena, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing Disponible en http://cran.r-project.org/
Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 544-559. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.496477
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F, & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73, 5-26. doi:10.1177/0013164412449831
Rios, J., & Wells, C. (2014). Validity evidence based on internal structure. Psicothema, 26(1), 108-116. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2013.260
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223-237. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
Rodríguez, M. N., & Ruiz, M. A. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial. Psicológica: Revista de Metodología y Psicología Experimental, 29(2), 205-227.
Rokach, A. (2012). Loneliness updated: An introduction. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 1-6. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2012.629501
Rubio, R., & Aleixandre, M. (2001). Un estudio sobre la soledad en las personas mayores: Entre estar solo y sentirse solo. Revista Multidisciplinar de Gerontología, 11, 23-28.
Satorra, P., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514.
Schinka, K. C., Van Dulmen, M. H. M., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2012). Association between loneliness and suicidality during middle childhood and adolescence: Longitudinal effects and the role of demographic characteristics. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 146, 105-118. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.584084
Schultz, N. R., & Moore, D. (1988). Loneliness: Differences across three age levels. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 275-284.
Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L. (2012). Use of direct versus indirect approaches to measure loneliness in later life. Research on Aging, 34(5), 572-591. doi: 10.1177/0164027511423258
Stucky, B. D., Edelen, M. O., Vaughan, C. A., Tucker, J. S., & Butler, J. (2014). The psychometric development and initial validation of the DCI-A Short Form for adolescent therapeutic community treatment process. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46, 516-521
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5a ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
Tiwari, S. C. (2013). Loneliness: A disease? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320-322. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.120536
Tomás, J. M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., Donio-Bellegarde, M., & Hontangas, P. M. (2017). Validity of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Spanish older population: Competitive structural models and item response theory. European Journal of Ageing, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s10433-017-0417-4
Van Dulmen, M. H., & Goossens, L. (2013). Loneliness trajectories. Journal of Adolescence. 36(6), 1247-1249. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.001
Van Roekel, E., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Goossens, L., & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness in the daily lives of adolescents: An experience sampling study examining the effects of social contexts. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(7), 905-930. doi: 10.1177/0272431614547049
Van Tilburg, T., Havens, B., & De Jong-Gierveld, J. (2004). Loneliness among older adults in the Netherlands, Italy, and Canada: A multifaceted comparison. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(2), 169-180. doi: 10.1353/cja.2004.0026
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being. American Journal of Epidemiology, 176(9), 777-784. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws173
Vanhalst, J., Klimstra, T. A., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Goossens, L. (2012). The interplay of loneliness and depressive symptoms across adolescence: Exploring the role of personality traits. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(6), 776-787. doi 10.1007/s10964-011-9726-7
Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2014). Experiencing loneliness in adolescence: A matter of individual characteristics, negative peer experiences, or both? Social Development, 23(1), 100-118. doi: 10.1111/sode.12019
Ventura-León, J. L. (2017). ¿Existen los instrumentos válidos? Un debate necesario. Gaceta Sanitaria, 31(1), 71-71.
Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho, T. (2017). Validez y fiabilidad de la Escala de Soledad de De Jong-Gierveld en jóvenes y adultos peruanos. PSIENCIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 9. doi: 10.5872/psiencia/9.1.41
Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho-Rodríguez, T. (2017). El coeficiente omega: Un método alternativo para la estimación de la confiabilidad. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 15(1), 625-627.
Victor, C. R., & Yang, K. (2012). The prevalence of loneliness among adults: A case study of the United Kingdom. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 85-104. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.613875
Weare, K. (2000). Promoting Mental: A whole school approach. New York: Routledge.
Weeks, M. S., & Asher, S. R. (2012). Loneliness in childhood: Toward the next generation of assessment and research. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 42, 1-39. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394388-0.00001-0
Whitehouse, A. J., Durkin, K., Jaquet, E., & Ziatas, K. (2009). Friendship, loneliness and depression in adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 309-322. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.004
Woodhouse, S. S., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2012). Loneliness and peer relations in adolescence. Social Development, 21(2), 273-293. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00611.x
Zammuner, V. L. (2008). Italians’ social and emotional loneliness: The results of five studies. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 3(2), 108-120.
Zinbarg, R. E., Barlow, D. H., & Brown, T. A. (1997). Hierarchical structure and general factor saturation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Evidence and implica-tions. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 277-284. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.277
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 José Ventura-León
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Revista Evaluar aplica la Licencia Internacional de Atribuciones Comunes Creativas (Creative Commons Attribution License, CCAL). Bajo esta licencia, los autores retienen la propiedad de copyright de los artículos pero permiten que, sin que medie permiso de autor o editor, cualquier persona descargue y distribuya los artículos publicados en Evaluar. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e. Evaluar). El envío de artículos a Evaluar y la lectura de los mismos es totalmente gratuito.