Parole chiave
dieta
obesidad
ansiedad
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Abstract
La microbiota intestinal (MI) es una compleja comunidad de billones de microorganismos comensales, condicionada por factores perinatales, posnatales, medioambientales y farmacológicos, con importante actividad metabólica. Su disbiosis se asocia a mayor predisposición a enfermedades intestinales, alérgicas y metabólicas, como así también a enfermedades mentales, autoinmunes y algunos tipos de cáncer.
El estrés y la ansiedad afectan la diversidad de la MI, aumentándose la permeabilidad a patógenos, menos presencia de Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes y Lactobacillus spp. y una activación persistente del apetito que puede desencadenar en exceso de peso. La ecología microbiana es diferente entre sanos y obesos, afectando la homeostasis energética con una consecuente mayor concentración de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) y almacenamiento de grasa. Por otro lado, patrones alimentarios saludables se vinculan con F. prausnitzii y Prevotella copri, asociadas con marcadores cardiometabólicos beneficiosos y correlación negativa con la grasa visceral.
Se ha demostrado que la calidad y cantidad de los componentes de la dieta participan activamente en la regulación del microbioma estructural de la MI, con implicancias en el estado de ánimo, el estrés y la ansiedad y los posibles efectos terapéuticos derivados de su modulación con probióticos (i.e. L. acidophilus, L. casei y B. Bifidum) Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios prospectivos en seres humanos para la planificación de intervenciones dietéticas integrales y personalizadas.
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