Contextual control in habituation: Diminution and potentiation of the startle response in humans.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study examines the effects of context change on the habituation of the startle response in humans. In Experiment 1 the startle response was measured in three phases: pre-test, habituation, and post-test. For one group, the phases occurred in the same context, while for another, the habituation phase occurred in a different context. The results indicated that the different group had a more marked decrease between the pre-test and post-test than the same group. In Experiment 2, the same design was replicated, and the same results were obtained as in Experiment 1, although a different stimulus was used in the pre-test and post-test. Although the results are not statistically conclusive, they suggest that the context could be acquiring long-term potentiating properties that reduce the level of decrement that would be observed if only a habituation process existed.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
References
Blumenthal, T., Cuthbert, B., Filion, D., Hackley, S., Lipp, O., & Van Boxtel, A. (2005). Committee report: Guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies. Psychophysiology, 42(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x
Fanselow, M. S. (2010). From contextual fear to a dynamic view of memory systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(1), 7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.10.008.
González, J., & Grande, J. (1989). Habituación a largo plazo y claves ambientales en humanos. Estudios de psicología, 10(37), 45-62.
Groves, P., & Thompson, R. (1970). Habituation: A dual process theory. Psychological Review, 77(5), 419-450. doi: 10.1037/h0029810
Hall, G., & Channell, S. (1985). Differential effects of contextual change on latent inhibition and on the habituation of an orienting response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11(3), 470-481. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.11.3.470
Hall, G. (1991). Perceptual and associative learning. Oxford psychology series, 18, 29-107.
Jordan, W., Strasser, H., & McHale, L. (2000). Contextual control of long- term habituation in rats. Journal of Psychology: Animal behavior process, 26(3), 323-339. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.26.3.323
Leaton, R. N. (1976). Long-term retention of the habituation of lick suppression and startle response produced by a single auditory stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2(3), 248-259. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.2.3.248
Mackintosh, N. (1987). Neurobiology, psychology and habituation. Behavioral Research Theory, 25(2), 81-97. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(87)90079-9
Marlin, N., & Miller, R. (1981). Associations to contextual stimuli as a determinant of long-term habituation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7(4), 313-333. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.7.4.313
Öhman, A. (1979). The orienting response, attention, and learning: An information-processing perspective. En H. D. Kimmel, E. H. Van Olst, & J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.), The orienting reflex in humans (pp .443-471). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pinto, J., Becerra, S., Ponce, F., & Vogel, E. (2014). Especificidad contextual diferencial en la habituación de las respuestas de parpadeo y aceleración cardiaca en humanos. Universitas Psychologica, 13(4), 12045-12054. doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-4.ecdh
Ponce, F., Vogel, E., & Wagner, A. (2015). The incremental stimulus intensity effect in the habituation of the eyeblink response in humans. Learning and Motivation, 52, 60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2015.10.001
Rankin, C. (2000). Context conditioning in habituation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114(3), 496-505. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.114.3.496
Siegel, S. (1975). Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89(5), 498-506. doi: 10.1037/h0077058
Tomsic, D., Pedreira, M. E., Romano, A., Hermitte, G., & Maldonado, H. (1998). Context–US association as a determinant of long-term habituation in the crab Chasmagnathus. Animal Learning & Behavior, 26(2), 196-209. doi: 10.3758/BF03199212
Vogel, E. H., Ponce, F. P., & Wagner, A. R. (2018). The development and present status of the SOP model of associative learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(2), 346–374. doi: 10.1177/1747021818777074
Vogel, E., & Wagner, A. (2005). Stimulus specificity in the habituation of the startle response in the rat. Physiology & Behavior, 86, 516-525. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.042
Wagner, A. R. (1976). Priming in STM: An information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. En T. J. Tighe, & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior and neurophysiology (pp. 95–128). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wagner, A. R. (1978). Expectancies and the priming of STM. En S. H. Hulse, H. Fowler, & W. K. Honig (Eds.), Cognitive processes in animal behavior (pp. 177–209). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wagner, A. R. (1981). SOP: a model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. En N. Spear, & R. Miller (Eds.), Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms (pp. 5–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wagner, A. R., & Brandon, S. E. (1989). Evolution of a structured connectionist model of Pavlovian conditioning (AESOP). En S. B. Klein, & R. R. Mowrer (Eds.), Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory (pp. 149–189). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wagner, A., & Vogel, E. (2010). Associative modulation of US processing: implications for understanding of habituation. En N. Schmajuk (Ed.). Computational Models of Conditioning (pp. 150-185). Durham: Duke University Medical Center.
Whitlow, J. W., & Wagner, A. R. (1984). Memory and habituation. En H. V. S. Peeke, & L. Petrinovich (Eds.), Habituation, sensitization and behavior (pp. 103-153). New York: Academic Press.