Actitudes e intervención policial ante la violencia contra la mujer en Chile. Sexismo y empatía.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The perception of seriousness that society, especially the police, has about the violence that men exercise against their female partners, is fundamental not only to prevent this crime, but also to grant adequate protection after the aggression. Attitudes, type of involvement, sexism and empathy were evaluated, comparing the Chilean police (Carabineros specialists and operatives) with people from the general population, through a sample of 1,033 participants from all over the country. The operative Police officers presented greater unconditional involvement, more empathy and a greater perception of seriousness than Chileans in the general population in the face of violence against women. Police officers who care for victims are more involved, are more empathetic, and have less sexism; even so, more frequent and better quality training is required, in addition to selecting the most empathetic to care for victims. The influence of gender and age stands out.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
How to Cite
References
Bloksgaard, L., & Prieur, A. (2021). Policing by social skills: the importance of empathy and appropriate emotional expressions in the recruitment, selection and education of Danish police officers. Policing and Society, 31(10), 1232-1247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1881518
Blumberg, D. M., Schlosser, M. D., Papazoglou, K., Creighton, S., & Kaye, C. C. (2019). New directions in police academy training: A call to action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), Artículo 4941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244941
Clark, V. E. (2021). Victim-blaming discourse underpinning police responses to domestic violence: A critical social work perspective. Social Work & Policy Studies: Social Justice, Practice and Theory, 4(1), 1-15. https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/SWPS/article/view/14959
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2da Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
del Rio, F. J., Cabello-García, M. A., & Cabello-Santamaría, F. (2018). Guía para la clasificación de artículos de investigación clínica para la Revista Internacional de Andrología. Revista Internacional de Andrología, 16(3), 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2017.07.004
Diemer, K., Ross, S., Humphreys, C., & Healey, L. (2017). A ‘double edged sword’: discretion and compulsion in policing domestic violence. Police Practice and Research, 18(4), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2016.1230853
Douglas, H. (2019). Policing domestic and family violence. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(2), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i2.1122
El Sayed, S. A., DeShay, R. A., Davis, J. B., Knox, K. N., & Kerley, K. R. (2020). A Blue Step Forward: An Exploratory Study of Law Enforcement Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence in the Southern United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), NP6514-NP6534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520966675
Eliasson, M. N., & DeHart, D. (2023). Police Officers’ Empathy Toward Victims: A Question of Innocence. International Journal of Police Science, 2(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.56331/487529/IJPS3
Eliasson, M. N., & Morabito, M. S. (2022). Gender rhetoric and Swedish police officers’ perceptions of victims. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 48(3), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2022.2154233
Expósito, F., Moya, M. C., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: medición y correlatos. Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
Fleming, J. C., & Franklin, C. A. (2021). Predicting police endorsement of myths surrounding intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00178-w
Franklin, C. A., Garza, A. D., Goodson, A., & Bouffard, L. A. (2020). Police perceptions of crime victim behaviors: A trend analysis exploring mandatory training and knowledge of sexual and domestic violence survivors’ trauma responses. Crime & Delinquency, 66(8), 1055-1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719845148
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism lnventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
Gracia, E., García, F. & Lila, M. (2008). Police involvement in cases of intimate partner violence against women: The influence of perceived severity and personal responsibility. Violence Against Women, 14(6), 697-714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208317288
Gracia, E., García, F., & Lila, M. (2011). Police attitudes toward policing partner violence against women: Do they correspond to different psychosocial profiles? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 189-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362892
Gracia, E., Garcia, F., & Lila, M. (2014). Male police officers’ law enforcement preferences in cases of intimate partner violence versus non-intimate interpersonal violence: Do sexist attitudes and empathy matter? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(10), 1195-1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814541655
Gracia, E., Lila, M., & Pérez, J. F. G. (2009). La intervención policial en casos de violencia contra la mujer en relaciones de pareja: actitudes hacia la intervención y otras variables psicosociales. Boletín Criminológico, 15, Articulo 113. https://doi.org/10.24310/Boletin-criminologico.2009.v15i0.8742
Gracia, E., Lila, M., & Santirso, F. A. (2020). Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the European Union: A Systematic Review. European Psychologist, 25(2), 104-121. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000392
Gracia, E., Martín-Fernández, M., Marco, M., Santirso, F. A., Vargas, V., & Lila, M. (2018). The willingness to Intervene in cases of intimate partner violence against women (WI-IPVAW) scale: Development and validation of the long and short versions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Artículo 1146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01146
Gracia, E., Rodriguez, C. M., & Lila, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of an analog procedure to assess acceptability of intimate partner violence against women: The Partner Violence Acceptability Movie Task. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Articulo 1567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01567
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, M. P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6a Ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Inzunza, M. (2015). Empathy from a police work perspective. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 16(1), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2014.987518
Inzunza, M., Brown, G. T., Stenlund, T., & Wikström, C. (2022). The relationship between subconstructs of empathy and general cognitive ability in the context of policing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Artículo 907610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.907610
Kruahiran, P., Boonyasiriwat, W., & Maneesri, K. (2020). Thai Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence and Victim Blaming: The Influence of Sexism and Female Gender Roles. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), NP7426-NP7446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520969405
Lila, M., Gracia, E., & García, F. (2010). Actitudes de la policía ante la intervención en casos de violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja: influencia del sexismo y la empatía. International Journal of Social Psychology, 25(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347410792675570
Lockwood, D., & Prohaska, A. (2015). Police officer gender and attitudes toward intimate partner violence: How policy can eliminate stereotypes. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 10(1), 77-90. https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/view/161/103
Losung, R. K., De Paoli, T., Kebbell, M., & Bond, A. (2021). The role of empathy in professional quality of life: A study on Australian police officers working in sexual assault and child abuse investigation. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36, 616-626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-021-09468-5
Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2022). Measuring perceived severity of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) among the general population and IPVAW offenders. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(2), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a8
Meyer, S., & Reeves, E. (2021). Policies, procedures and risk aversity: police decision-making in domestic violence matters in an Australian jurisdiction. Policing and society, 31(10), 1168-1182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1869234
Miles-Johnson, T. (2022). ‘Bread and butter’policing: first-year constables and domestic violence. Police Practice and Research, 24(3), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2094380
Penner, L. A. (2002). Dispositional and Organizational Influences on Sustained Volunteerism: An Interactionist Perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 447- 467. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00270
Retief, R. & Green, S. (2015). Some challenges in policing domestic violence. Social Work /Maatskaplike Werk, 51(1), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.15270/51-1-432
Segrave, M., Wilson, D., & Fitz-Gibbon, K. (2018). Policing intimate partner violence in Victoria (Australia): Examining police attitudes and the potential of specialisation. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865816679686
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
Taccini, F., & Mannarini, S. (2023). An attempt to conceptualize the phenomenon of stigma toward intimate partner violence survivors: a systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), Articulo 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030194
Villagrán, A. M., Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2020). Adaptación y validación de la Escala de Actitudes de Culpabilización de la Víctima en Casos de Violencia de Pareja contra la Mujer (VB-IPVAW) en población ecuatoriana. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 52, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2020.v52.24
Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Impact of altruism and forgiveness on empathy among police personnel. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 6(6), 167-176. https://oaji.net/articles/2017/488-1530335138.pdf