Consumo de alcohol en niños y adolescentes: prevalencia en países del cono sur de América Latina, factores de protección y factores de vulnerabilidad
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Esta revisión, narrativa y no sistemática, repasa datos y tendencias sobre la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol en niños y adolescentes, con foco en trabajos de la región sur de América Latina; asimismo, describimos algunos factores, y la investigación asociada que los sustenta, que regulan el consumo de alcohol, particularmente en niños y adolescentes. Los datos relevados sugieren que la edad de inicio de consumo de alcohol ha ido bajando a lo largo del tiempo y que las prevalencias de consumo de vida de alcohol han ido aumentando, al igual que el consumo de 4 - 5 tragos por ocasión de consumo. Describimos factores que abren puertas a tratamientos o intervenciones preventivas, destacando como potencialmente provechosas aquellas basadas en normas sociales, las cuales desafían sesgos cognitivos sobre el consumo de sustancias. A diferencia de los factores de personalidad o biológicos, estas creencias son susceptibles de modificación mediante intervenciones económicas y sencillas.
Detalles del artículo
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
Cómo citar
Referencias
Baer, J. S., Barr, H. M., Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., & Streissguth, A. P. (1998). Prenatal alcohol exposure and family history of alcoholism in the etiology of adolescent alcohol problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(5), 533-543. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1998.59.533
Baer, J. S., Sampson, P. D., Barr, H. M., Connor, P. D., & Streissguth, A. P. (2003). A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(4), 377-385. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.4.377
Bewick, B. M., Trusler, K., Mulhern, B., Barkham, M., & Hill, A. J. (2008). The feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based personalised feedback and social norms alcohol intervention in UK university students: a randomised control trial. Addictive Behaviors, 33(9), 1192-1198. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.002
Bewick, B. M., West, R. M., Barkham, M., Mulhern, B., Marlow, R., Traviss, G., & Hill, A. (2013). The effectiveness of a Web-based personalized feedback and social norms alcohol intervention on United Kingdom university students: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(7), e137. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2581
Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2003). Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: a meta-analytic integration. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(3), 331-341. doi: 10.15288/jsa.2003.64.331
Buchmann, A. F., Schmid, B., Blomeyer, D., Becker, K., Treutlein, J., Zimmermann, U. S. …Laucht, M. (2009). Impact of age at first drink on vulnerability to alcohol-related problems: testing the marker hypothesis in a prospective study of young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(15), 1205-1212. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.006
Campbell, C. A., Hahn, R. A., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Chattopadhyay, S., Fielding, J. … Middleton, J. C. (2009). The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), 556-569. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.028
Centanni, S. W., Teppen, T., Risher, M. L., Fleming, R. L., Moss, J. L., Acheson, S. K. … Swartzwelder, H. S. (2014). Adolescent alcohol exposure alters GABAA receptor subunit expression in adult hippocampus. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(11), 2800-2808. doi: 10.1111/acer.12562
Closon, C., Didone, V., Tirelli, E., & Quertemont, E. (2009). Acetaldehyde and the hypothermic effects of ethanol in mice. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(11), 2005-2014. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01039.x
Colder, C. R., Shyhalla, K., & Frndak, S. E. (2018). Early alcohol use with parental permission: Psychosocial characteristics and drinking in late adolescence. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 82-87. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.030
Crabbe, J. C., Belknap, J. K., & Buck, K. J. (1994). Genetic animal models of alcohol and drug abuse. Science, 264(5166), 1715-1723. doi: 10.1126/science.8209252
Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., & Li, T. K. (2007). Impact of age at first drink on stress-reactive drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(1), 69-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00265.x
DeWit, D. J., Adlaf, E. M., Offord, D. R., & Ogborne, A. C. (2000). Age at first alcohol use: a risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 745-750. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745
Donovan, J. E., & Molina, B. S. (2013). Types of alcohol use experience from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 453-459. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.024
Donovan, J. E., & Molina, B. S. (2014). Antecedent predictors of children's initiation of sipping/tasting alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(9), 2488-2495. doi: 10.1111/acer.12517
Edenberg, H. J., & Foroud, T. (2006). The genetics of alcoholism: identifying specific genes through family studies. Addiction Biology, 11(3-4), 386-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00035.x
Edenberg, H. J., Foroud, T., Goate, A., Rice, J., Reich, T., & Cloninger, C. R. (1998). Genetics of alcoholism. Science, 282(5392), 1269-1269. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.000315
Ennett, S. T., Jackson, C., Choi, S., Hayes, K. A., Dickinson, D. M., & Bowling, J. M. (2016). A Parenting Program to Promote an Alcohol-Free Childhood: Influence on Parents' Readiness to Prevent Child Sipping. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(2), 327-336. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.327
Fabio, M. C., Nizhnikov, M. E., Spear, N. E., & Pautassi, R. M. (2013). Binge ethanol intoxication heightens subsequent ethanol intake in adolescent, but not adult, rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(3), 574-583. doi: 10.1002/dev.21101
Faggiano, F., Galanti, M. R., Bohrn, K., Burkhart, G., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Cuomo, L. … Wiborg, G. (2008). The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: EU-Dap cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 47(5), 537-543. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.018
Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Burkhart, G., Bohrn, K., Cuomo, L., Gregori, D. … Galanti, M. R. (2010). The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108(1-2), 56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.018
Galduroz, J. C., & Carlini, E. A. (2007). Use of alcohol among the inhabitants of the 107 largest cities in Brazil--2001. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40(3), 367-375. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2007000300012
Glider, P., Midyett, S. J., Mills-Novoa, B., Johannessen, K., & Collins, C. (2001). Challenging the collegiate rite of passage: a campus-wide social marketing media campaign to reduce binge drinking. Journal of Drug Education, 31(2), 207-220. doi: 10.2190/U466-EPFG-Q76D-YHTQ
Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 103-110. doi: 10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90009-2
Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1998). Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(2), 163-173. doi: 10.1016/S0899-3289(99)80131-X
Guttmannova, K., Hill, K. G., Bailey, J. A., Lee, J. O., Hartigan, L. A., Hawkins, J. D. … Catalano, R. F. (2012). Examining explanatory mechanisms of the effects of early alcohol use on young adult alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(3), 379-390. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2012.73.379
Haines, M., & Spear, S. F. (1996). Changing the perception of the norm: a strategy to decrease binge drinking among college students. Journal of American College Health, 45(3), 134-140. doi: 10.1080/07448481.1996.9936873
Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., & Winter, M. R. (2006). Age of alcohol-dependence onset: associations with severity of dependence and seeking treatment. Pediatrics, 118(3), e755-763. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0223
Huggett, S. B., Hatoum, A. S., Hewitt, J. K., & Stallings, M. C. (2018). The Speed of Progression to Tobacco and Alcohol Dependence: A Twin Study. Behavior Genetics, 48(2), 109-124. doi: 10.1007/s10519-018-9888-0
Hutson, J. R., Magri, R., Gareri, J. N., & Koren, G. (2010). The incidence of prenatal alcohol exposure in Montevideo Uruguay as determined by meconium analysis. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 32(3), 311-317. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181dda52a
Jackson, C., Ennett, S. T., Dickinson, D. M., & Bowling, J. M. (2013). Attributes that differentiate children who sip alcohol from abstinent peers. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 42(11), 1687-1695. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9870-8
LaBrie, J. W., Kenney, S. R., Napper, L. E., & Miller, K. (2014). Impulsivity and alcohol-related risk among college students: examining urgency, sensation seeking and the moderating influence of beliefs about alcohol's role in the college experience. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.018
Labrie, J. W., Lewis, M. A., Atkins, D. C., Neighbors, C., Zheng, C., Kenney, S. R. … Larimer, M. E. (2013). RCT of web-based personalized normative feedback for college drinking prevention: are typical student norms good enough? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(6), 1074-1086. doi: 10.1037/a0034087
Larimer, M. E., Neighbors, C., LaBrie, J. W., Atkins, D. C., Lewis, M. A., Lee, C. M. … Walter, T. (2011). Descriptive drinking norms: For whom does reference group matter? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(5), 833-843. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.833
Lazenka, M. F., David, B. G., Lichtman, A. H., Nestler, E. J., Selley, D. E., & Sim-Selley, L. J. (2014). Delta FosB and AP-1-mediated transcription modulate cannabinoid CB(1) receptor signaling and desensitization in striatal and limbic brain regions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 91(3), 380-389. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.024
Lopez, M. B., Conde, K., & Cremonte, M. (2017). Alcohol Use Disorders in Argentinian Girls and Women 12 Months Before Delivery: Comparison of DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria. Journal Of Addiction Medicine, 11(2), 106-113. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000285
Lopez, M. B., Filippetti, V. A., & Cremonte, M. (2015). Alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy in Argentina: prevalence and risk factors. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 37(4-5), 211-217. Recuperado de: https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/rpsp/v37n4-5/v37n4-5a04.pdf
Maggs, J. L., Staff, J., Patrick, M. E., & Wray-Lake, L. (2019). Very early drinking: Event history models predicting alcohol use initiation from age 4 to 11 years. Addictive Behaviors, 89, 121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.030
Merrill, J. E., Boyle, H. K., Barnett, N. P., & Carey, K. B. (2017). Delivering normative feedback to heavy drinking college students via text messaging: A pilot feasibility study. Addictive Behaviors., 83, 175-181. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.003
Morean, M. E., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2012). Age of first use and delay to first intoxication in relation to trajectories of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems during emerging adulthood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(11), 1991-1999. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01812.x
Moss, H. B., Chen, C. M., & Yi, H. Y. (2014). Early adolescent patterns of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 136, 51-62. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011
Neighbors, C., Jensen, M., Tidwell, J., Walter, T., Fossos, N., & Lewis, M. A. (2011). Social-norms interventions for light and nondrinking students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(5), 651-669. doi: 10.1177/1368430210398014
Observatorio Argentino de Drogas (OAD). (2011). Encuesta Nacional sobre consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes del Nivel Medio. Buenos Aires, Argentina: SEDRONAR. Recuperado de: http://www.observatorio.gov.ar/media/k2/attachments/ANALISISZDEZRESULTADOBUENOSZAIRES_1.pdf .
Observatorio Argentino de Drogas (OAD). (2017). Estudio Nacional en población de 12 a 65 años, sobre Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas. (Informe de Resultados N° 1). Buenos Aires, Argentina: SEDRONAR. Recuperado de http://www.observatorio.gov.ar/media/k2/attachments/ANALISISZDEZRESULTADOBUENOSZAIRES_1.pdf .
Observatorio Chileno de Drogas. (2017). El consumo de alcohol en chile: situación epidemiológica. Recuperado de: http://www.senda.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/media/estudios/otrosSENDA/2016_Consumo_Alcohol_Chile.pdf
Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas (OUD) (2016). VI Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre consumo de droga, 2016. Uruguay: Junta Nacional de Drogas. Recuperado de: https://www.gub.uy/junta-nacional-drogas/sites/junta-nacional-drogas/files/documentos/publicaciones/201609_VI_encuesta_hogares_OUD_ultima_rev.pdf
Pascual, M., Boix, J., Felipo, V., & Guerri, C. (2009). Repeated alcohol administration during adolescence causes changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and promotes alcohol intake in the adult rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 108(4), 920-931. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05835.x
Pautassi, R. M., Myers, M., Spear, L. P., Molina, J. C., & Spear, N. E. (2008). Adolescent but not adult rats exhibit ethanol-mediated appetitive second-order conditioning. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(11), 2016-2027. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00789.x
Pautassi, R. M., Suarez, A. B., Hoffmann, L. B., Rueda, A. V., Rae, M., Marianno, P., & Camarini, R. (2017). Effects of environmental enrichment upon ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and pre-frontal BDNF levels in adolescent and adult mice. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 8574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08795-0
Peana, A. T., Sanchez-Catalan, M. J., Hipolito, L., Rosas, M., Porru, S., Bennardini, F., … Acquas, E. (2017). Mystic Acetaldehyde: The Never-Ending Story on Alcoholism. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 81. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00081
Perkins, H. W., Meilman, P. W., Leichliter, J. S., Cashin, J. R., & Presley, C. A. (1999). Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. Journal of American College Health, 47(6), 253-258. doi: 10.1080/07448489909595656
Pilatti, A., Caneto, F., Garimaldi, J. A.,Vera, B. D. V., & Pautassi, R. M. (2014). Contribution of time of drinking onset and family history of alcohol problems in alcohol and drug use behaviors in Argentinean college students. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(2), 128-137. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt176
Pilatti, A., Etkin, P., Parra, E. M., & Pautassi, R. M. (2018). De fiesta antes de la fiesta: relación entre esta práctica de consumo de alcohol con los problemas derivados del uso de alcohol en jóvenes argentinos. Health and Addictions/Salud y drogas, 18(1), 5-16. doi: 10.21134/haaj.v18i1.318
Pilatti, A., Godoy, J. C., Brussino, S. A., & Pautassi, R. M. (2013a). Patterns of substance use among Argentinean adolescents and analysis of the effect of age at first alcohol use on substance use behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2847-2850. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.007
Pilatti, A., Godoy, J. C., Brussino, S., & Pautassi, R. M. (2013b). Underage drinking: prevalence and risk factors associated with drinking experiences among Argentinean children. Alcohol, 47(4), 323-331. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.02.001
Pilatti, A., Read, J. P., & Pautassi, R. M. (2017). ELSA 2016 Cohort: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use and Their Association with Age of Drug Use Onset, Risk Perception, and Social Norms in Argentinean College Freshmen. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1452. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01452
Pilatti, A., Vera, B. D. V., Moroni, V., Marín, M. M. l., & Pautassi, R. M. (2015). Efecto de las normas sociales de consumo sobre la frecuencia y cantidad de consumo de alcohol y sobre la frecuencia de consumo problema. PSIENCIA, Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 7(1), 223-225. doi: 10.5872/psiencia/7.1.030902
Quintanilla, M. E., Tampier, L., Sapag, A., Gerdtzen, Z., & Israel, Y. (2007). Sex differences, alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde burst, and aversion to ethanol in the rat: a systems perspective. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 293(2), E531-537. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2007
Reilly, D. W., & Wood, M. D. (2008). A randomized test of a small-group interactive social norms intervention. Journal of American College Health, 57(1), 53-60. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.1.53-60
Rivarola Montejano, G., Pilatti, A., Argüello Pitt, M., & Pautassi, R. M. (2019). Relación entre la disponibilidad de alcohol, consumo de alcohol y problemas en jóvenes argentinos. Health and Addicctions/Salud y Drogas, 19(1), 36-46. doi: 10.21134/haaj.v19i1.402
Rojas-Guiot, E., Fleiz-Bautista, C., Medina-Mora Icaza, M. E., Moron M.A., & Domenech-Rodriguez, M. (1999). Consumo de alcohol y drogas en estudiantes de Pachuca, Hidalgo. Salud Pública de México, 41(4), 297-308. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/106/10641407.pdf
Rubio Valladolid, G., Leon Alvarez, G., Salvador Rubert, M., Casado Prieto, M. A., Marin Lozano, J., & Santodomingo Carrasco, J. (1995). The age of onset of alcohol-related problems as a prognostic factor in abstinence in patients admitted to a general hospital. Revista Clínica Española, 195(12), 820-824. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8599037
Schmid, B., Blomeyer, D., Treutlein, J., Zimmermann, U. S., Buchmann, A. F., Schmidt, M. H. … Laucht, M. (2009). Interacting effects of CRHR1 gene and stressful life events on drinking initiation and progression among 19-year-olds. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(6), 703-714. doi: 10.1017/S1461145709990290
Servicio Nacional para la Prevención y Rehabilitación del Consumo de Drogas y Alcohol de Chile (SENDA) (2017). Décimo segundo estudio nacional de drogas en población general de chile, 2016. Recuperado de http://www.senda.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ENPE-2017.pdf
Sherman, D. I. N., Ward, R. J., Yoshida, A., & Peters, T. J. (1994). Alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene polymorphism and alcoholism. En: Jansson B., Jörnvall H., Rydberg U., Terenius L., Vallee B.L. (eds.), Toward a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse (pp. 291-300). doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_29l
Snowden, A. J. (2016). Alcohol Outlet Density and Intimate Partner Violence in a Nonmetropolitan College Town: Accounting for Neighborhood Characteristics and Alcohol Outlet Types. Violence and Victims, 31(1), 111-123. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00120
Spear, L. P. (2015). Adolescent alcohol exposure: Are there separable vulnerable periods within adolescence? Physiology & Behavior, 148, 122-130. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.027
Spear, L. P. (2018). Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(4), 197-214. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2018.10
Spear, L. P., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2014). Adolescent alcohol exposure and persistence of adolescent-typical phenotypes into adulthood: A mini-review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 45, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.012
Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40(1), 31-38. doi: 10.1177/155005940904000110
Stock, C., Vallentin-Holbech, L., & Rasmussen, B. M. (2016). The GOOD life: Study protocol for a social norms intervention to reduce alcohol and other drug use among Danish adolescents. BMC Public Health, 15, 704. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3333-1
Strong, M. N., Yoneyama, N., Fretwell, A. M., Snelling, C., Tanchuck, M. A., & Finn, D. A. (2009). "Binge" drinking experience in adolescent mice shows sex differences and elevated ethanol intake in adulthood. Hormones and Behavior, 58(1), 82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.008
Suarez-Relinque, C., Arroyo, G. D. M., Ferrer, B. M., & Ochoa, G. M. (2017). Baja percepción de riesgo en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes españoles. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(7), e00129716. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00129716
Trantham-Davidson, H., Centanni, S. W., Garr, S. C., New, N. N., Mulholland, P. J., Gass, J. T. … Chandler, L. J. (2017). Binge-Like Alcohol Exposure During Adolescence Disrupts Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in the Adult Prelimbic Cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(5), 1024-1036. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.190
Vallentin-Holbech, L., Rasmussen, B. M., & Stock, C. (2018). Effects of the social norms intervention The GOOD Life on norm perceptions, binge drinking and alcohol-related harms: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 304-311. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.019
Van Der Vorst, H., Burk, W. J., & Engels C. M. E. (2010). The role of parental alcohol-specific communication in early adolescents alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.023
Vargas-Martínez, A. M., Trapero-Bertran, M., Gil-García, E., & Lima-Serrano, M. (2018). Impacto del consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol en la adolescencia ¿Lo estamos haciendo bien? Adicciones, 30(2), 1033. Recuperado de: http://www.adicciones.es/index.php/adicciones/article/view/1033
Vera, B. D. V., Pilatti, A., & Pautassi, R. M. (2019). ELSA cohort 2014: association of age of first drink and progression from first drink to drunkenness on alcohol outcomes in Argentinean college freshmen. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 21, 1-10. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1608223
Wadolowski, M., Bruno, R., Aiken, A., Stone, C., Najman, J., Kypri, K. … Mattick, R. P. (2015). Sipping, drinking, and early adolescent alcohol consumption: a cautionary note. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(2), 350-354. doi: 10.1111/acer.12613
Wille-Bille, A., de Olmos, S., Marengo, L., Chiner, F., & Pautassi, R. M. (2017). Long-term ethanol self-administration induces DeltaFosB in male and female adolescent, but not in adult, Wistar rats. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 74, 15-30. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.11.008