Relationship between empathy and big-five personality factors in a college student sample

Main Article Content

Jorge Daniel Iacovella
Carlos Miguel Díaz-Lázaro
María Marta Richard´s

Abstract

Empathy has been associated with many psychological variables such as prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. In our study the relationship between empathy and the big five personality model was evaluated. The general hypothesis in our study is that empathy is positively associated with agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness; while negatively associated with extraversion and not associated with neuroticism.  The sample consisted of 117 male and female university students between 21 and 60 years old, assessed with regionally validated measures. Bivariate correlations and a hierarchical multiple regression were used to test the hypotheses. The effects of gender were controlled in the first step of the regression analysis. Consistent with the hypotheses, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness were positively correlated with empathy. In the multiple regression analysis, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion also made statistically significant contributions in the prediction of empathy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Iacovella, J. D., Díaz-Lázaro, C. M., & Richard´s, M. M. (2015). Relationship between empathy and big-five personality factors in a college student sample. Argentinean Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v7.n2.9038
Section
Original Articles
Author Biographies

Jorge Daniel Iacovella, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología

Docente, Area Investigación.

María Marta Richard´s, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología

CONICET, CIMEPB y CIIPME.

References

Aluja, A., García, O. & García, L.F. (2002). A comparative study of Zuckerman's three structural models for personality through the NEO-PI-R, ZKPQ-III-R, EPQ-RS and Goldberg's 50-bipolar adjectives. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(5), 713-725.

Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum.

Batson, C. D., Sympson, S. C., Hindman, J. L., Decruz, P., Todd, R. M., Weeks, J. L., et al (1996). “I’ve been there, too”: Effect on empathy of prior experience with a need. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 474–482

Buss, D. M. (1992). Manipulation in close relationships: Five personality factors in interactional context. Journal of Personality, 60, 478-499.

Brouwer, M. A. R., & Boro, S. (2010). The influence of intergroup contact and ethnocultural empathy on employees’ attitudes toward diversity. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 243–260.

Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Sandman, D. (2012). The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 675–680. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.022

Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1985). NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Florida: P.A.R.

Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the Neo Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 887-898.

Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(85), 1-17.

Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.

Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madison: Brown Benchmark.

De Raad, B. (2001). The Big Five Personality Factors. The psycholegical approach to personality. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

del Barrio, V., Aluja, A. & García, L.F. (2004). Relationship between empathy and the Big Five personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(7), 677-682.

de Wied, M., Branje, S. T., & Meeus, W. J. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 33(1), 48-55.

Díaz-Lázaro, C. M., Castañeiras, C., Ledesma, R. D., Verdinelli, S. & Rand, A. (2014). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, Empathy, and materialistic value orientation as predictors of intergroup prejudice in Argentina.| Salud & Sociedad, 5(3), 282 – 297.

Egan, G. (2002). The skilled helper: A problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole.

Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G. & Knight, G. P. (1991). Empathy related responding and cognition: A “chicken and the egg” dilemma. En Kurtines, W. M. y Gewirtz, J. L., Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 63-88). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991). Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult). London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: Their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychological Reports, 43, 1247-1255.

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.

Fernández, I. & López, B. (2007). Cuestionario de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva: una medida alternativa. Ponencia presentada en el I Congreso Internacional de Inteligencia emocional, septiembre. Málaga.

Garaigordobil, M. & García, P. (2006). Empatía en niños de 10 a 12 años. Psicothema, 18(2), 180-186.

Graziano, W. G., Bernstein-Feldesman, A., & Rahe, D. (1985). Extraversion, social cognition, and the salience of aversiveness in social encounters. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 49, 971-980.

Graziano, W. G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness: A dimension of personality. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds), Handbook of personality psychology. San Diego: Academic Press.

Graziano, W. G., Jensen-Campbell, L.A. & Hair, E.C. (1996). Perceiving interpersonal conflict and reacting to it: The case for agreeableness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 820-835.

Hoffman, M.L. (1992). La aportación de la empatía a la justicia y el juicio moral. En N. Eisenberg y J. Strayer (Eds.), La empatía y su desarrollo (pp. 59-93). Bilbao, España. Desclée de Brower.

Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.

John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). The “Little Five”: Exploring the nomological

network of the Five-Factor Model of personality in adolescent boys. Child Development, 65, 160-178.

Ledesma, R. D., Sánchez, R., & Díaz-Lázaro, C. M. (2011). Adjective Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors in the Argentine Population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 46-55.

Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 663–665

Magalhães, E., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2012). Empathy of medical students and personality: Evidence from the five-factor model. Medical Teacher, 34(10), 807–812. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2012.702248

Mateu, C., Campillo, C., González, R., & Gómez, O. (2010). La empatía psicoterapéutica y su evaluación: Una revisión. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 15(1), 3–18.

Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. S. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913.

Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Empathy and antisocial behaviour. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(5), 742–759.

McFarland, S. (2010). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice. Political Psychology, 31(3), 453–477.

McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-846.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 586-595.

Mehrabian, A. (1997). Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence and empathy: Validational evidence bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 433-445.

Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of Emotional Empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.

Norman, R. M. G., & Watson, L. D. (1976). Extraversion and reactions to cognitive inconsistency. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 446-456.

Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Pedersen, P. B., Crethar, H. C., & Carlson, J. (2008). Defining inclusive cultural empathy. In Inclusive cultural empathy: Making relationships central in counseling and psychotherapy (1st Ed.) (pp. 41–59). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological

Association.

Pérez-Albéniz, A. Paúl, J., Etxeberría, J., Montes, M.P., & Torres, E. (2003). Adaptación de Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) al español. Psicothema, 15, 267-272.

Rim, Y. (1974). Correlates of emotional empathy. Science Paed Experimental, 11, 197-201.

Roberts, W., Strayer, J., & Denham, S. (2014). Empathy, anger, guilt: Emotions and prosocial behaviour. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46(4), 465–474. doi:10.1037/a0035057.

Shiner, R. & Caspi, A. (2003). Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: Measurement, development, and consequences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(1), 2-32.