Plasticidad de las funciones ejecutivas en la infancia y la adolescencia: efectos de intervenciones de entrenamiento cognitivo

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Publicado: mar. 26, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v7.n1.10103
Palabras clave:
funciones ejecutivas entrenamiento cognitivo infancia adolescencia plasticidad cognitiva

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Julia Karbach
Goethe-University Frankfurt. Department of Psychology

Resumen

Las funciones ejecutivas incluyen a un conjunto de capacidades de control cognitivo de alto nivel, tales como la flexibilidad cognitiva, la inhibición y la memoria de trabajo, que permiten el control de las acciones y la adaptación flexible a entornos cambiantes. Teniendo en cuenta que estos procesamiento se asocian al funcionamiento de la corteza prefrontal, su desarrollo también se da de manera rápida a lo largo de la infancia y la adolescencia. Es importante destacar que el control ejecutivo es un predictor significativo de diversos aspectos de la vida cotidiana tales como el rendimiento académico, el estatus socioeconómico y la salud física. En tal sentido, se han diseñado numerosas intervenciones para mejorar el funcionamiento ejecutivo en niños y adolescentes, tanto en condiciones de desarrollo normal como en las de trastornos del desarrollo y neurocognitivos. Algunos hallazgos recientes alentadores revelan que el entrenamiento de las capacidades de control ejecutivo produce un beneficio en el desempeño en tareas y habilidades no entrenadas, como en el caso de la inteligencia fluida y el rendimiento académico. No obstante, los resultados recientes en relación con la transferencia de las mejoras del desempeño entrenado a las tareas sin entrenamiento, son heterogéneos. Esta breve revisión tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar un resumen de los principales resultados de estudios del desarrollo del control cognitivo, y discutir los efectos de diferentes tipos de entrenamiento de tales capacidades en niños y adolescentes, así como el potencial de las intervenciones de entrenamiento cognitivo para su aplicación en contextos clínicos y educativos.

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Karbach, J. (2015). Plasticidad de las funciones ejecutivas en la infancia y la adolescencia: efectos de intervenciones de entrenamiento cognitivo. Revista Argentina De Ciencias Del Comportamiento, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v7.n1.10103
Número
Vol. 7 Núm. 1 (2015): Número Especial: "Desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas - Development of executive functions"
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