Razonamiento animal: Negación y representaciones de ausencia

Contenido principal del artículo

Jorge Morales Ladrón de Guevara

Resumen

En este trabajo rechazo la posibilidad de que el razonamiento animal, en particular la negación, involucre necesariamente la representación de Ausencia, como sugiere José Luis Bermúdez, pues ésta operaría como una negación lógica (no disponible para criaturas no lingüísticas). Experimentos de creencias falsas, fingimiento y comunicación muestran que animales no humanos (al menos ciertos primates) tienen dificultades para representar entidades o propiedades ausentes. Ofrezco una explicación alternativa recurriendo a los juicios sub-simbólicos de semejanza propuestos por Vigo & Allen e introduzco la noción de expectativa: la negación se da a través de la incompatibilidad entre una representación esperada y la actual. Finalmente, sostengo que el paradigma de expectativas puede ser extrapolado a otros experimentos en psicología cognitiva (tanto con niños prelingüísticos como con animales) para diseñar experimentos "justos" que examinen otras mentes considerando sus habilidades reales.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Razonamiento animal: Negación y representaciones de ausencia. (2011). Revista Argentina De Ciencias Del Comportamiento, 3(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v3.n1.5231
Sección
Intencionalidad y Conciencia: Abordajes Recientes

Cómo citar

Razonamiento animal: Negación y representaciones de ausencia. (2011). Revista Argentina De Ciencias Del Comportamiento, 3(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v3.n1.5231

Referencias

Allen, C. (2006) Transitive inference in animals: Reasoning or conditioned associations? En S. Hurley & M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational animals? (pp. 175-185). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barceló, A. (2011) Análisis y estructura. Manuscrito en preparación.

Bermúdez, J. L. (2003). Thinking without words. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bermúdez, J. L. (2006). Animal reasoning and proto-logic. En S. Hurley & M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational animals? (pp. 127-137). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bermúdez, J. L. (2007). Negation, contrariety, and practical reasoning: commentaries on Millikan‘s varieties of meaning. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 75, 663-669.

Brewer, B. (1999) Perception and reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brewer, B. (2005) Do sense experiential states have conceptual content? En E. Sosa & M. Steup (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Epistemology (pp. 217-230). Oxford: Blackwell.

Cabanac, M. (2009). Do birds experience sensory pleasure? Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 40-47.

Call, J. (2004). Inferences about the location of food in the Great Apes (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118, 232-241.

Call, J. (2006). Inferences by exclusion in the great apes: the effect of age and species. Animal Cognition, 9, 393-403.

Call, J., & Carpenter, M. (2001). Do chimpanzees and children know what they have seen? Animal Cognition, 4, 207–220.

Camp, E. (2009). A language of baboon thought? En R. Lurz (Ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 108-127). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (2007). Baboon Metaphysics: The Evolution of a Social Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Davidson, D. (1975). Thought and Talk. Reimpreso en D. Davidson (1984). Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Davidson, D. (1982). Rational Animals. Dialectica, 36, 318- 327.

Davidson, D. (1999). The Emergence of Thought. Erkenntnis, 51 (1), 7-17.

Dretske, F. (2006). Minimal Rationality. En S. Hurley & M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational Animals? (pp. 107-115). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fodor, J. & Zenon, P. (1988) Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture. Cognition, 28, 3-71.

Fodor, J. (2001). Language, thought and compositionality. Mind and Language, 16, 1-15.

Gensollen, M. (2009). ¿Es posible atribuir creencias a animales no humanos y a humanos prelingüísticos? En L. X. López Farjeat (Ed.), La mente animal (pp. 77-102). México: Los Libros de Homero.

Gómez, J. C. (2008). The evolution of pretence: from intentional availability to intentional non-existence. Mind & Language, 23, 586-606.

Hare, B., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2001). Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Animal Behaviour, 61, 139-151.

Herman, L. M. (2002). Exploring the World of the Bottlenosed Dolphin. En M. Bekoff, C. Allen, & G. Burghardt (Eds.), The Cognitive Animal. Cambridge (pp. 275-284). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Hurley, S. & M. Nudds (2006). Rational Animals? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kaminski, J., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Chimpanzees know what others know, but not what they believe. Cognition, 109, 224-234.

Liszkowski, U., Schäfer, M., Carpenter, M. & Tomasello, M. (2009). Prelinguistic infants, but not chimpanzees, communicate about absent entities. Psychological Science, 20, 654-660.

Lurz, R. (2007). In defense of wordless thoughts about thoughts. Mind & Language, 22, 270-296.

McAninch, A., Goodrich, G., and Allen, C. (2009). Animal communication and neo-expressivism. En R. Lurz (Ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 128-144). New York: Cambridge University Press.

McDowell, J. (1994) Mind and World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Miklósi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J. & Csányi, V. (2000). Intentional behaviour in dog-human communication: An experimental analysis of "showing" behaviour in the dog. Animal Cognition, 3, 159-166.

Millikan, R. G. (2004). The varieties of meaning. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Millikan, R. G. (2006). Styles of rationality. En S. Hurley & M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational Animals? (pp. 117-126). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Millikan, R. G. (2007). Reply to Bermúdez. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 75, 670-673.

Morales, J. (2009). Racionalidad animal. En L. X. Farjeat (Ed.), La mente animal (pp. 103-124). México: Los Libros de Homero.

Penn, D., Holyoak, K. & Povinelli, D. (2008). Darwin‘s mistake: explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 109-130.

Pepperberg, I. M. (1987). Acquisition of the same/different concept by an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): learning with respect to categories of color, shape and material. Animal Learning and Behavior, 15, 423-432.

Phillips, W. & Santos, L. (2007). Evidence for kind representations in the absence of language: Experiments with rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Cognition, 102, 455-463.

Povinelli, D. & Eddy, T. (1996). What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 61, 1-152.

Povinelli, D. & Vonk, J. (2004). We don't need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee mind. Mind & Language, 19, 1-28.

Premack, D. & Premack, A. J. (1994). Levels of Causal Understanding in Chimpanzees and Children. Cognition, 50, 347-362.

Rescorla, M. (2009). Chrysippus‘s Dog as a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition. En R. Lurz (Ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 52-71). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Santos, L. R., Flombaum, J. I. & Phillips, W. (2007). The evolution of human mindreading: how non-human primates can inform social cognitive neuroscience. En S. Platek, J. P. Keenan & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 433-456). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schmelz, M.; Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2011). Chimpanzees know that others make inferences. Proroceedings of the National Academy of Science, 108, 3077-3079.

Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L. & Marler, P. (1980). Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence for predator classification and semantic communication. Science, 210, 801-803.

Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2002). Cognition and communication in prairie dogs. En M. Bekoff, C. Allen & G. Burghardt (Eds.), The Cognitive Animal (pp. 257-264). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Taylor, A. H. & Gray, R. D. (2009). Animal cognition: Aesop's fable flies from fiction to fact. Current Biology, 19 (17), 731-732.

Taylor, A. H., Hunt, G. R., Medina, F. S. & Gray, R. D. (2009). Do New Caledonian crows solve physical problems through causal reasoning? Proceeding of the Royal Society B, 276, 247-254.

Taylor, A.H., Hunt, G.R., Holzhaider, J.C. & Gray, R.D. (2007). Spontaneous metatool use by New Caledonian crows. Current Biology, 17, 1504–1507.

Tomasello, M. & Call, J. (2006). Do chimpanzees know what others see-or only what they are looking at? En S. Hurley & M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational Animals? (pp. 371-384). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Vigo, R. & Allen, C. (2009). How to reason without words: inference as categorization. Cognitive Process, 10, 77-88.

Xu, F. & Carey, S. (1996). Infants' metaphysics: the case of numerical identity. Cognitive Psychology, 30, 111-153.

Xu, F. (2002). The role of language in acquiring object kind concepts in infancy. Cognition, 85, 223-250.

Xu, F., Carey, S. & Quint, N. (2004). The emergence of kindbased object individuation in infancy. Cognitive Psychology, 49, 155-190.

Xu, F., Carey, S. & Welch, J. (1999). Infants' ability to use object kind information for object individuation. Cognition, 70, 137-166.