Impacto psicológico de la pandemia por COVID-19 en adultos mayores de Argentina
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El objetivo fue evaluar las variables psicológicas en adultos mayores de Argentina durante la pandemia por COVID-19, e identificar predictores psicológicos del miedo a la COVID-19. Participaron 198 adultos mayores de Rosario, Argentina (Medad= 66.6 años, DE=4,8). Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Medical Outcomes Study- Social SupportSurvey, Purpose in life Test y Fear of COVID-19 Scale. El 25.1% y el 19.1% presentaron diagnóstico potencial de trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y episodio depresivo mayor, respectivamente, el 71.4% suficiente apoyo social y el 40.8% propósito de vida indefinido. El miedo a la COVID-19 presentó correlación negativa con propósito de vida y apoyo social, y correlación positiva, con ansiedad y depresión. El propósito de vida predijo el miedo a la COVID-19 (β =-.229, t =-3.38, p =.001). Se requieren políticas estatales para mitigar y contener los efectos subjetivos del aislamiento en población mayor.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
Citas
American Psychological Association. (2010). Principios éticos de los psicólogos y Código de Conducta [Enmiendas 2010]. Washington, DC. Disponible en: http://www.psicologia.unam.mx/documentos/pdf/comite_etica/Codigo_APA.pdf
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3),.1537-1545. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00351-8
Alyami, M., Henning, M., Krägeloh, C. U., & Alyami, H. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2219-2232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00316-x
Applegate, W. B., & Ouslander, J. G. (2020). COVID‐19 presents high risk to older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(4), 681. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16426
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e256. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
Caycho- Rodríguez, T. C. (2018). Tamaño del efecto en análisis de regresión en investigación geriátrica: comentarios a Rubio et al. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(1), 61. doi: 10.1016/j.regg.2017.04.009
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura-León, J., & Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M., & Vilca, L.W. (2022a). Assessment of fear of COVID-19 in older adults: validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(2), 1231-1245. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2.
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Ventura-León, J., Sancho, P., Cabrera-Orosco, I., & Barboza-Palomino, M. (2021). Medición de la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores: adaptación transcultural, validez y confiabilidad de la Will-to-Live Scale. Enfermería Clínica, 31(1), 4-11. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.06.078
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Portillo, N., ... Burgos Videla, C. (2022b). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity, reliability and factorial invariance in Argentina’s general population. Death Studies, 46(3), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1836071
Cohen, G., Russo, M. J., Campos, J. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2020). Living with dementia: increased level of caregiver stress in times of COVID-19. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1377 – 1381. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220001593
Crumbaugh, J., & Maholick, L. (1969). Manual of instructions for the purpose in life test. Saratoga: Viktor Frankl Institute.
Darren, G., & Mallery, P. (2018). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York: Routledge.
Espinola, S. R., & Enrique, H. C. (2007). Validación argentina del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social percibido. Psicodebate. Psicología, Cultura y Sociedad, 7, 155-168. doi: 10.18682/pd.v7i0.433
Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gallegos, M., Zalaquett, C., Luna Sánchez, S. E., Mazo-Zea, R., Ortiz-Torres, B., Penagos-Corzo, J. C., … Lopes Miranda, R. (2020). Cómo afrontar la pandemia del Coronavirus (Covid-19) en las Américas: recomendaciones y líneas de acción sobre salud mental. Revista interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 54(1), e1304. doi: 10.30849/ripijp.v54i1.1304
García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., ... Rejas, J. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(1), 8. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-8-8
García-Fernández, L., Romero-Ferreiro, V., López-Roldán, P. D., Padilla, S., & Rodriguez-Jimenez, R. (2020). Mental health in elderly Spanish people in times of COVID-19 outbreak. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), 1040-1045. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.027
Girdhar, R., Srivastava, V., & Sethi, S. (2020). Managing mental health issues among elderly during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research, 7(1), 29-32.
González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., ÁngelCastellanos, M., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
Grey, I., Arora, T., Thomas, J., Saneh, A., Tohme, P., & Abi-Habib, R. (2020). The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113452. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113452
Guo, Y., Cheng, C., Zeng, Y., Li, Y., Zhu, M., Yang, W., ... & Wu, S. (2020). Mental health disorders and associated risk factors in Quarantined adults during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20328. doi: 10.2196/20328
Hall, G., Laddu, D. R., Phillips, S. A., Lavie, C. J., & Arena, R. (2021). A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 64, 108-110. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1875-1888. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Villarreal-Zegarra, D., Podestà, A., & Luna-Cuadros, M. A. (2022). Psychometric Properties of a Spanish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in General Population of Lima, Peru. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 249-262. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00354-5
Kivi, M., Hansson, I., & Bjälkebring, P. (2021). Up and about: Older adults’ wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Swedish longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e4-e9. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa084
Klaiber, P., Wen, J. H., DeLongis, A., & Sin, N. L. (2021). The ups and downs of daily life during COVID-19: Age differences in affect, stress, and positive events. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e30-e37. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa096
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2021). “We’re staying at home”. Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e10-e16. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa048
Ministerio de Salud Argentina (2020). Información epidemiológica. Sala de situación Coronavirus Online. Ministerio de la Nación. Disponible en: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/salud/coronavirus-COVID-19/sala-situacion
Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults: A Cultural Geriatric Mental Health-Care Perspective. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 63(6-7), 665-667. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2020.1779159
Mukhtar, S., & Rana, W. (2020). COVID-19 and individuals with mental illness in psychiatric facilities. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113075. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113075
Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, K. M., ... Duong, T. H. (2020). People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 965. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040965
O'Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., ... Robb, K. A. (2021). Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326-333. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.212
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA, 323(18), 1775-1776. 10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Sereslis, K., Athanasiadou, M., Godosidis, A., ... & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 842. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
Pinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. Ageing International, 27(2), 90-114. doi: 10.1007/s12126-002-1004-2
Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C., & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S55–S57. doi: 10.1037/tra0000703
Sherbourne, C. & Stewart, A. (1991). The MOS Social Support Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
Simkin, H., Matrángolo, G., & Azzollini, S. (2018). Argentine validation of the Purpose in Life Test/Validación argentina del Test de Propósito en la Vida. Estudios de Psicología, 39(1), 104-126. doi: 10.1080/02109395.2017.1407903
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Stagnaro, J. C., Cía, A., Vázquez, N., Vommaro, H., Nemirovsky, M., Serfaty, E., ... & Kessler, R. (2018). Estudio epidemiológico de salud mental en población general de la República Argentina. Vertex, 29(142), 275-299.
Tartaglini, M. F., Dillon, C., Hermida, P. D., Feldberg, C., Somale, V., & Stefani, D. (2017). Prevalencia de Depresión Geriátrica y Alexitimia. Su asociación con características sociodemográficas, en una muestra de adultos mayores residentes en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Geriatría e Gerontología, 20(4), 518-527. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562017020.160126
Taylor, S., Landry, C., Paluszek, M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
Urtasun, M., Daray, F. M., Teti, G. L., Coppolillo, F., Herlax, G., Saba, G., ... Irazola, V. (2019). Validation and calibration of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Argentina. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 291. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2262-9
Vahia, I. V., Blazer, D. G., Smith, G. S., Karp, J. F., Steffens, D. C., Forester, B. P., ... & Reynolds III, C. F. (2020a). COVID-19, mental health and aging: A need for new knowledge to bridge science and service. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 695–697. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.03.007
Vahia, I. V., Jeste, D. V., & Reynolds, C. F. (2020b). Older Adults and the Mental Health Effects of COVID-19. JAMA, 324(22), 2253-2254. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21753
Van Tilburg, T. G., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., van der Roest, H., & de Vries, D. H. (2021). Loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study among Dutch older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(7), e249-e255. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2020a). Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e19. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30079-1
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., ... & Zhou, Y. (2020b). Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 91-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017