The ideal transformations and the real transformations: using value-focused thinking to assist soft systems methodology transformations selection
Palabras clave:
soft systems methodology, value-focused thinking, multimethodology, problem structuring methods.Resumen
Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is one of the best known and most effective Problem Structuring Methods (PSM) for tackling problematic situations. When making interventions using the SSM and with the participation of stakeholders, undesirable states show up that demand transformations to turn into more desirable states. However, too many transformations can be identified, which makes necessary to prioritize some of them. This paper explores how objectives based on stakeholder values can prioritize transformations in alignment with these objectives and thus guide the planning of actions in a problematic situation. For this purpose, Value-Focused Thinking (VFT), an approach designed to obtain and structure value-based objectives, was used as an additional step to SSM. The resulting multi-methodology is applied to a Brazilian educational planning process focused on structuring and defining policies and practices for the inclusion of students with Specific Educational Needs (SEN). The application of multi-methodology has resulted in over 40 transformations as identified by the SSM, of which only 12 were consistent with the stated objectives. The results suggest that it is possible to save time and effort in the planning process and generate more efficient systemic plans.
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ABUABARA, L., PAUCAR-CACERES, A., BELDERRAIN, M. C., BURROWES-CROMWELL, T. A (2018): “SYSTEMIC FRAMEWORK BASED ON SOFT OR APPROACHES TO SUPPORT TEAMWORK STRATEGY: AN AVIATION MANUFACTURER BRAZILIAN COMPANY CASE”. Journal of the Operational Research Society, v. 69, n. 2, p. 220-234.
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ASSAD, A.A. & GASS, S.I. (2011): “PROFILES IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH: PIONEERS AND INNOVATORS”. v.147 New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer, 892 p.
BARTON, L. & CORBETT, J. (1993): “SPECIAL NEEDS IN FURTHER EDUCATION: THE CHALLENGE OF INCLUSIVE PROVISION”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 8, n. 1, p.14-23.
BENNETT, P.G. (1985): “ON LINKING APPROACHES TO DECISION-AIDING: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS”. Journal of the Operational Research Society. v. 36, n.8, p. 659–669.
BERNARDO, H., GASPAR, A., ANTUNES, C.H. (2018): “A COMBINED VALUE FOCUSED THINKING-SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY APPROACH TO STRUCTURE DECISION SUPPORT FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS”. Sustainability, v. 10, n. 7, p. 1-19.
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CHECKLAND, P. (1998): “SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW”, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, v.15, p.27-30.
CHECKLAND, P. (1981): “SYSTEMS THINKING, SYSTEMS PRACTICE”. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
EDEN, C. & ACKERMANN, F. (2013): “PROBLEM STRUCTURING: ON THE NATURE OF, AND REACHING AGREEMENT ABOUT, GOALS”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes. v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 7-28.
FERGUSON, D. L. (2008): “INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE TO TEACH EACH ONE AND EVERYONE”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 23, n. 2, p. 109-120.
FRANCO, L. A. & MONTIBELLER, G. (2010): “FACILITATED MODELLING IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 205, n 3, p. 489-500.
GEORGIOU, I. (2011): “COGNITIVE MAPPING AND STRATEGIC OPTIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS (SODA)”. Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.
GEORGIOU, I. (2008): “MAKING DECISIONS IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR FACTS”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 16; n. 185, p. 299-321.
GEORGIOU, I. (2006): “MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS FROM A SYSTEM THEORETICAL POINT OF VIEW”. Systemic Practice and Action Research. v. 19; n. 5, p. 441–459.
GEORGIOU, I. (2012): “MESSING ABOUT IN TRANSFORMATIONS: STRUCTURED SYSTEMIC PLANNING FOR SYSTEMIC SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 223, n. 2, p. 392-406.
GEORGIOU, I. (2015): “UNRAVELLING SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY”. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, v. 9, n. 4, p. 415-436.
HOWICK, S., ACKERMANN, F. (2011): “MIXING OR METHODS IN PRACTICE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 215, n. 3, p. 503-511.
KAMARI, A., CORRAO, R., KIRKEGAARD, P.H. (2017): “SUSTAINABILITY FOCUSED DECISION-MAKING IN BUILDING RENOVATION”. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. v. 6, n. 2, p. 330-350.
KEENEY, R. L. (1992): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING: A PATH TO CREATIVE DECISION MAKING”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 433 p.
KEENEY, R. L. (1996): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING: IDENTIFYING DECISION OPPORTUNITIES AND CREATING ALTERNATIVES”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 92. n. 3. p. 537-549.
KEISLER, J.; TURCOTTE, D. A.; DREW, R.; JOHNSON, M. P. (2014): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS: OBJECTIVES AND ACCEPTANCE IN LOCAL DEVELOPMENT”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes, v. 2, n 3-4, p. 221-256.
KOTIADIS, K.; MINGERS, J. (2014): “COMBINING PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS WITH SIMULATION: THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES”. Discrete-Event Simulation and System Dynamics for Management Decision Making, p. 52-75.
KUNZ, R. E., SIEBERT, J., MÜTTERLEIN, J. (2016): “COMBINING VALUE‐FOCUSED THINKING AND BALANCED SCORECARD TO IMPROVE DECISION‐MAKING IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT”. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, v. 23, n. 5-6, p. 225-241.
LINDQVIST, G., NILHOLM, C. (2014): “PROMOTING INCLUSION? `INCLUSIVE' AND EEFFECTIVE HEADTEACHERS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR WORK”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74-90.
MARTTUNEN, M., LIENERT, J., BELTON, V. (2017): “STRUCTURING PROBLEMS FOR MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS IN PRACTICE: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF METHOD COMBINATIONS”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 263. n. 1. p. 1-17.
MINGERS, J. (2010): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY”. Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.
MINGERS, J., (2001): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY – MIXING AND MATCHING METHODS. IN: ROSENHEAD, J., MINGERS, J. (EDS.), RATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR A PROBLEMATIC WORLD REVISITED: PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS FOR COMPLEXITY, UNCERTAINTY AND CONflICT”, second ed. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 311–335.
MINGERS, J.; BROCKLESBY, J. (1997): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR MIXING METHODOLOGIES”. Omega, v. 25. n.5. p. 489-509.
MINGERS, J., ROSENHEAD, J. (2004): “PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS IN ACTION”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 152, n. 3, p. 530-554.
MUNRO, I. & MINGERS, J. (2002): “THE USE OF MULTIMETHODOLOGY IN PRACTICE—RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PRACTITIONERS”. Journal of the operational research society, v. 53, n. 4, p. 369-378.
NEVES, L.P., DIAS, L.C., ANTUNES, C.H., MARTINS, A.G. (2009): “STRUCTURING AN MCDA MODEL USING SSM: A CASE STUDY IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 199, n. 3, p. 834-845.
ORMEROD, R.J. (2014): “OR COMPETENCES: THE DEMANDS OF PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes, v. 2, n 3-4, p. 313-340.
PARNELL, G. S., HUGHES, D. W., BURK, R. C., DRISCOLL, P. J., KUCIK, P. D., MORALES, B. L., NUNN, L. R. (2013): “INVITED REVIEW—SURVEY OF VALUE‐FOCUSED THINKING: APPLICATIONS, RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH”. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, v. 20. n. (1-2), p. 49-60.
ROSENHEAD, J. (2006): “PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS”. Journal of the Operational Research Society. v. 57. n. 7. p. 759-765.
ROSENHEAD, J. & MINGERS, J. (2001): RATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR A PROBLEMATIC WORLD REVISITED: PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS FOR COMPLEXITY, UNCERTAINTY AND CONFLICT. 2º ed, Chichester: Wiley, 366 p.
RUNSWICK-COLE, K. (2011): “TIME TO END THE BIAS TOWARDS INCLUSIVE EDUCATION?” British Journal of Special Education, v. 38, n. 3, p. 112-119.
SHENG, H., SIAU, K. & NAH, F. F. H. (2010): “UNDERSTANDING THE VALUES OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION”. ACM SIGMIS Database, v. 41, n. 2 p. 1-11.
SIEBERT, J. & KEENEY, R. L. (2015): “CREATING MORE AND BETTER ALTERNATIVES FOR DECISIONS USING OBJECTIVES”. Operations Research. v. 63. n. 5. p. 1144-1158.
TELES, M. DE F. & SOUSA, J. F. DE. (2014): “ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STRATEGY: STRUCTURING THE DECISION-MAKING SUPPORT IN A PUBLIC TRANSPORT COMPANY”. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 3, p. 155-164.
TUHKALA, A., ISOMÄKI, H., HARTIKAINEN, M., CRISTEA, A., & ALESSANDRINI, A. (2017): “IDENTIFYING OBJECTIVES FOR A LEARNING SPACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING”. In CSEDU 2017: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education. Vol. 1, ISBN 978-989-758-239-4. SCITEPRESS Science And Technology Publications.
ABUABARA, L., PAUCAR-CACERES, A., BURROWES-CROMWELL, T. (2019): “CONSUMERS’ VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR IN THE BRAZILIAN COFFEE-IN-CAPSULES MARKET: PROMOTING CIRCULAR ECONOMY”. International Journal of Production Research, v. 57, n. 23, p. 7269-7288,
ACKERMANN, F. (2012): “PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS ‘IN THE DOCK’: ARGUING THE CASE FOR SOFT OR”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 219, n 3, p. 652-658.
ACKERMANN, F., FRANCO, A., ROUWETTE, E. & WHITE, L. (2014): “SPECIAL ISSUE ON PROBLEM STRUCTURING RESEARCH AND PRACTICE”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes, v. 2, n 3-4, p. 165-172.
ALENCAR, M.H., PRIORI JR, L., ALENCAR, L.H. (2017): “STRUCTURING OBJECTIVES BASED ON VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING METHODOLOGY: CREATING ALTERNATIVES FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT”. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 156, p. 62-73.
ARGYRIS, C., SCHÖN, D.A. (1996): “ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING II: THEORY, METHOD AND PRACTICE”. United Kingdom: FT Press, v.2, 305 p.
ASSAD, A.A. & GASS, S.I. (2011): “PROFILES IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH: PIONEERS AND INNOVATORS”. v.147 New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer, 892 p.
BARTON, L. & CORBETT, J. (1993): “SPECIAL NEEDS IN FURTHER EDUCATION: THE CHALLENGE OF INCLUSIVE PROVISION”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 8, n. 1, p.14-23.
BENNETT, P.G. (1985): “ON LINKING APPROACHES TO DECISION-AIDING: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS”. Journal of the Operational Research Society. v. 36, n.8, p. 659–669.
BERNARDO, H., GASPAR, A., ANTUNES, C.H. (2018): “A COMBINED VALUE FOCUSED THINKING-SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY APPROACH TO STRUCTURE DECISION SUPPORT FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS”. Sustainability, v. 10, n. 7, p. 1-19.
CHECKLAND, P. (2000): “SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY: A THIRTY-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE”. Systems research and behavioral science, v. 17, n. S1, p. S11-S58.
CHECKLAND, P. (1998): “SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW”, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, v.15, p.27-30.
CHECKLAND, P. (1981): “SYSTEMS THINKING, SYSTEMS PRACTICE”. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
EDEN, C. & ACKERMANN, F. (2013): “PROBLEM STRUCTURING: ON THE NATURE OF, AND REACHING AGREEMENT ABOUT, GOALS”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes. v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 7-28.
FERGUSON, D. L. (2008): “INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE TO TEACH EACH ONE AND EVERYONE”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 23, n. 2, p. 109-120.
FRANCO, L. A. & MONTIBELLER, G. (2010): “FACILITATED MODELLING IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 205, n 3, p. 489-500.
GEORGIOU, I. (2011): “COGNITIVE MAPPING AND STRATEGIC OPTIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS (SODA)”. Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.
GEORGIOU, I. (2008): “MAKING DECISIONS IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR FACTS”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 16; n. 185, p. 299-321.
GEORGIOU, I. (2006): “MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS FROM A SYSTEM THEORETICAL POINT OF VIEW”. Systemic Practice and Action Research. v. 19; n. 5, p. 441–459.
GEORGIOU, I. (2012): “MESSING ABOUT IN TRANSFORMATIONS: STRUCTURED SYSTEMIC PLANNING FOR SYSTEMIC SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 223, n. 2, p. 392-406.
GEORGIOU, I. (2015): “UNRAVELLING SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY”. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, v. 9, n. 4, p. 415-436.
HOWICK, S., ACKERMANN, F. (2011): “MIXING OR METHODS IN PRACTICE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 215, n. 3, p. 503-511.
KAMARI, A., CORRAO, R., KIRKEGAARD, P.H. (2017): “SUSTAINABILITY FOCUSED DECISION-MAKING IN BUILDING RENOVATION”. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. v. 6, n. 2, p. 330-350.
KEENEY, R. L. (1992): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING: A PATH TO CREATIVE DECISION MAKING”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 433 p.
KEENEY, R. L. (1996): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING: IDENTIFYING DECISION OPPORTUNITIES AND CREATING ALTERNATIVES”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 92. n. 3. p. 537-549.
KEISLER, J.; TURCOTTE, D. A.; DREW, R.; JOHNSON, M. P. (2014): “VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS: OBJECTIVES AND ACCEPTANCE IN LOCAL DEVELOPMENT”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes, v. 2, n 3-4, p. 221-256.
KOTIADIS, K.; MINGERS, J. (2014): “COMBINING PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS WITH SIMULATION: THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES”. Discrete-Event Simulation and System Dynamics for Management Decision Making, p. 52-75.
KUNZ, R. E., SIEBERT, J., MÜTTERLEIN, J. (2016): “COMBINING VALUE‐FOCUSED THINKING AND BALANCED SCORECARD TO IMPROVE DECISION‐MAKING IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT”. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, v. 23, n. 5-6, p. 225-241.
LINDQVIST, G., NILHOLM, C. (2014): “PROMOTING INCLUSION? `INCLUSIVE' AND EEFFECTIVE HEADTEACHERS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR WORK”. European Journal of Special Needs Education, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74-90.
MARTTUNEN, M., LIENERT, J., BELTON, V. (2017): “STRUCTURING PROBLEMS FOR MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS IN PRACTICE: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF METHOD COMBINATIONS”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 263. n. 1. p. 1-17.
MINGERS, J. (2010): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY”. Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.
MINGERS, J., (2001): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY – MIXING AND MATCHING METHODS. IN: ROSENHEAD, J., MINGERS, J. (EDS.), RATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR A PROBLEMATIC WORLD REVISITED: PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS FOR COMPLEXITY, UNCERTAINTY AND CONflICT”, second ed. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 311–335.
MINGERS, J.; BROCKLESBY, J. (1997): “MULTIMETHODOLOGY: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR MIXING METHODOLOGIES”. Omega, v. 25. n.5. p. 489-509.
MINGERS, J., ROSENHEAD, J. (2004): “PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS IN ACTION”. European Journal of Operational Research. v. 152, n. 3, p. 530-554.
MUNRO, I. & MINGERS, J. (2002): “THE USE OF MULTIMETHODOLOGY IN PRACTICE—RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PRACTITIONERS”. Journal of the operational research society, v. 53, n. 4, p. 369-378.
NEVES, L.P., DIAS, L.C., ANTUNES, C.H., MARTINS, A.G. (2009): “STRUCTURING AN MCDA MODEL USING SSM: A CASE STUDY IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY”. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 199, n. 3, p. 834-845.
ORMEROD, R.J. (2014): “OR COMPETENCES: THE DEMANDS OF PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS”. EURO Journal on Decision Processes, v. 2, n 3-4, p. 313-340.
PARNELL, G. S., HUGHES, D. W., BURK, R. C., DRISCOLL, P. J., KUCIK, P. D., MORALES, B. L., NUNN, L. R. (2013): “INVITED REVIEW—SURVEY OF VALUE‐FOCUSED THINKING: APPLICATIONS, RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH”. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, v. 20. n. (1-2), p. 49-60.
ROSENHEAD, J. (2006): “PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS”. Journal of the Operational Research Society. v. 57. n. 7. p. 759-765.
ROSENHEAD, J. & MINGERS, J. (2001): RATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR A PROBLEMATIC WORLD REVISITED: PROBLEM STRUCTURING METHODS FOR COMPLEXITY, UNCERTAINTY AND CONFLICT. 2º ed, Chichester: Wiley, 366 p.
RUNSWICK-COLE, K. (2011): “TIME TO END THE BIAS TOWARDS INCLUSIVE EDUCATION?” British Journal of Special Education, v. 38, n. 3, p. 112-119.
SHENG, H., SIAU, K. & NAH, F. F. H. (2010): “UNDERSTANDING THE VALUES OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION”. ACM SIGMIS Database, v. 41, n. 2 p. 1-11.
SIEBERT, J. & KEENEY, R. L. (2015): “CREATING MORE AND BETTER ALTERNATIVES FOR DECISIONS USING OBJECTIVES”. Operations Research. v. 63. n. 5. p. 1144-1158.
TELES, M. DE F. & SOUSA, J. F. DE. (2014): “ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STRATEGY: STRUCTURING THE DECISION-MAKING SUPPORT IN A PUBLIC TRANSPORT COMPANY”. Transportation Research Procedia, v. 3, p. 155-164.
TUHKALA, A., ISOMÄKI, H., HARTIKAINEN, M., CRISTEA, A., & ALESSANDRINI, A. (2017): “IDENTIFYING OBJECTIVES FOR A LEARNING SPACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH VALUE-FOCUSED THINKING”. In CSEDU 2017: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education. Vol. 1, ISBN 978-989-758-239-4. SCITEPRESS Science And Technology Publications.
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2020-05-29
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Françozo, R. V. ., Belderrain, M. C. N. ., & Paucar-Caceres, A. . (2020). The ideal transformations and the real transformations: using value-focused thinking to assist soft systems methodology transformations selection. Revista De La Escuela De Perfeccionamiento En Investigación Operativa, 28(47). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/epio/article/view/28806
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