EVALUATION OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RELATED DISTAL FEMUR AND PROXIMAL TIBIA ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES ON DRY ADULT BONES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v14.n3.38892Keywords:
anterior cruciate ligament, distal end of femur, intercondylar notch, tibial eminence width, proximal end of tibiaAbstract
Objectives: This study aims to determine the differences between the genders by measuring the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) related bony structures on femur and tibia which are belongs to same individuals. To best our knowledge, the bony structures related with the ACL of the femur and tibia have never been investigated combined on dry bones in the literature. Materials and Methods: The study included 219 bones [108 femurs (74 male/34 female) / 111 tibias (72 male/39 female)]. Femur bicondylar width (BCW), intercondylar notch width (NW), tibial width (TW), tibial eminence width (EW) measured with a manual caliper. Intercondylar notch width index (NWI), and tibial eminence width index (EWI) also calculated. Results: In this study, the BCW, NW, NWI parameters were determined to be 65.90±3.23, 20.91±2.39, 0.31±0.03 in females, and 75.08±3.96, 23.45±2.80, 0.30±0.03 mm in males, respectively. The TW, EW, EWI parameters were determined to be 66.05±5.83, 8.89±1.48, 0.13±0.02 in females and 75.74±4.29, 11.02±1.96, 0.14±0.02 mm in males, respectively. Conclusions: In studying the structures associated with the ACL, it was found that there are morphological differences between the genders, which is an anatomically unavoidable situation. Also, the femur and tibia structures are statistically significantly correlated, we believe it would be more accurate to look for answers to ACL injuries by studying the two bones together.
References
Anderson AF, Lipscomb AB, Liudahl KJ, Addlestone RB. 1987. Analysis of the intercondylar notch by computed tomography. Am J Sports Med 15: 547-552. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500605
Anderson AF, Dome DC, Gautam S, Awh MH, Rennirt GW. 2001. Correlation of anthropometric measurements, strength, anterior cruciate ligament size, and intercondylar notch characteristics to sex differences in anterior cruciate ligament tear rates. Am J Sports Med 29 (1): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290011501
Anderson AF, Anderson CN, Gorman TM, Cross MB, Spindler KP. 2007. Radiographic measurements of the intercondylar notch: are they accurate? Arthrosc 23: 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2006.11.003
Attada PVK. 2018. A morphometric study of intercondylar notch of femur and its clinical significance. Acad Anat Int 4: 10-13. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2018.4.2.4
Didia BC, Nwajagu GN, Dapper DV. 2002. Femoral Intercondylar Notch (ICN) width in Nigerians: its relationship to femur length. West Afr J Med 21:265-267. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajm.v21i4.27966
Eboh DEO, Igbinedion EN. 2020. Morphometry of the distal femur in a South-South Nigerian population. Mal J Med Health Sci 16: 197-201. https://medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2020120209445627_MJMHS_0056.pdf
Good L, Odensten M, Gillquist J. 1991. Intercondylar notch measurements with special reference to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 263:185-189.
Girgis FG, Marshall JL, Al Manajem ARS. 1975. The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Clin Orthop 106: 216-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-197501000-00033
Herzog RJ, Silliman JF, Hutton K, Rodkey WG, Steadman JR. 1994. Measurements of the intercondylar notch by plain film radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med 22: 204-210.
Iriuchishima T, Goto B and Fu FH. 2020. The occurrence of ACL injury influenced by the variance in width between the tibial spine and the femoral intercondylar notch. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 28: 3625–3630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-05965-y
Li Y, Chou K, Zhu W, Xiong J, Yu M. 2020. Enlarged tibial eminence may be a protective factor of anterior cruciate ligament. Med Hypotheses 144: 110230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110230
Lund-Hanssen H, Gannon J, Engebretsen L, Holen KJ, Anda S and Vatten L. 1994. Intercondylar notch width and the risk for anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A case-control study in 46 female handball players. Acta Orthop Scan 65: 529-532. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453679409000907
Lombardo S, Sethi PM, Starkey C. 2004. Intercondylar notch stenosis is not a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional male basketball players. An 11-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 33: 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504266482
Muneta T, Takakuda K, Yamamoto H. 1997. Intercondylar Notch Width and Its Relation to the Configuration and Cross-Sectional Area of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Cadaveric Knee Study. Am J Sports Med 25: 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659702500113
Schickendantz MS, Weiker GG. 1993. The predictive value of radiographs in the evaluation of unilateral and bilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 21: 110-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100118
Shelbourne KD, Davis TJ, Klootwyk TE. 1998. The relationship between intercondylar notch width of the femur and the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 26: 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260031001
Souryal TO, Freeman TR. 1993. Intercondylar notch size and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes. A prospective study [published correction appears in Am J Sports Med 21: 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100410
Souryal TO, Moore HA, Evans JP. 1988. Bilaterality in anterior cruciate ligament injuries: associated intercondylar notch stenosis. Am J Sports Med 16: 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600504
Standring S, Borley NR and Gray H. 2008. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice: 40th ed., Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp: 1362, 1397, 1401.
Terzidis I, Totlis T, Papathanasiou E, Sideridis A, Vlasis K, Natsis K. 2012. Gender and side-to-side differences of femoral condyles morphology: osteometric data from 360 Caucasian dried femori. Anat Res Int: 679658. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/679658
Uhorchak JM, Scoville CR, Williams GN, Arciero RA, St Pierre P and Taylor DC. 2003. Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anterior cruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of 859 West Point cadets. Am J Sports Med 3: 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310061801
Xiao, WF, Yang T, Cui Y, Zeng C, Wu S, Wang YL and Lei GH. 2016. Risk factors for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury: Analysis of parameters in proximal tibia using anteroposterior radiography. J Int Med Res 44: 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515604082
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Kaan Çimen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Use restricted to non commercial purposes.
Once the manuscript has been accepted for publications, authors will sign a Copyright Transfer Agreement to let the “Asociación Argentina de Anatomía Clínica” (Argentine Association of Clinical Anatomy) to edit, publish and disseminate the contribution.
