PREVALENCE OF HIV-1/HTLV-1 CO-INFECTION AND BEHAVIORAL RISK AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN BELO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31052/1853.1180.v28.n2.38078Keywords:
HTLV-1, HIV-1, coinfection, behaviorAbstract
Objective: To analyze the prevalence of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 co-infection and risk behavioral for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the quality of life among people living with HIV-1 (PL-HIV-1).
Methods: 985 PL-HIV-1 in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) underwent serologic immunoassay screening for HTLV-1. Fifteen people confirmed (Western blot) for HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection (HIV-1/HTLV-1 group) were then compared to 30 HIV-1 (HIV-1 group) and 30 HTLV-1 (HTLV-1 group) patients, matched groups for biological sex and age, and was analyzed the sociodemographic status/quality of life and risk/behavioral factors for STIs.
Results: The prevalence of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection was 1.5%. The average age of the three groups was 57 (± 11) years old, with 9 and 18 (60%) women within the HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1 or HTLV-1 groups, respectively. Heterosexual orientation predominated within the three groups. The HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1 groups had most no fixed partner (p = 0.013), were single (p = 0.001) and referred condom use (p = 0.025). Most the HTLV-1 group had fixed partner, were married, and did not use condom (p = 0.025). Among other STIs, syphilis was common within the HIV-1/HTLV-1 (34%) and HIV-1 (17%) groups, and gonorrhea (13%) within the HTLV-1 group. Intravenous drug use (IDU) in the HIV-1 group was associated with co-infection (p = 0.038), and the quality of life differed among the groups.
Conclusions: HIV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-1 groups had different risk behaviors than HTLV-1 group. The measures to prevent the spread of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 should also highlight IDU in PL-HIV-1 and condom use in people living with HTLV-1.
Downloads
References
Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Ribas JGR, Catalan-Soares BC, Martins ML, Brito-Melo GEA, Martins-Filho OA, et al. Infection and disease caused by the human T cell lymphotropic viruses type I and II in Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2002; 35(5): 499-508.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822002000500013
Gonçalves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JGR, Araújo MG, Pinheiro SR, Guedes AC, et al. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 associated diseases. Reviews Clinical Microbiology. 2010; 23(3): 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00063-09
Ishak R, Ishak MOG, Vallinoto ACR. The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil. Retrovirology. 2020; 17: 4.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-020-0512-z
Pereira FM, Almeida MCC, Santos FLN, Carreiro RP, Regis-Silva CG, Galvão-Castro B, et al. Evidence of New Endemic Clusters of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV) Infection in Bahia, Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2019; 10: 1002.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01002
Catalan-Soares B, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Proietti FA. Heterogeneous geographic distribution of human T cell lymphotropic viruses I and II (HTLV-I/II): serological screening prevalence rates in blood donors from large urban areas in Brazil. Caderno de Saúde Pública. 2005; 21(3): 926-931.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000300027
Brito AM, Castilho EA, Szwarcwald CL. AIDS and HIV infection in Brazil: a multifaceted epidemic. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2000; 34(2): 207-217.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822001000200010
Nogueira CF, Cerdeira CD, Prado AC, Dias RPCS, Silva RBV, Vertêlo PC, et al. Perfil de pessoas vivendo com HIV em um centro de referência em doenças infectocontagiosas de Belo Horizonte (MG, Brasil). Rev Med Saúde Brasília. 2020; 9(1): 76-89. https://bit.ly/3o0RKSf
Bastos SH, Taminato M, Fernades H, de Figueiredo TMRM, Nichiata LYI, Hino P. Sociodemographic and health profile of TB/HIV co-infection in Brazil: a systematic review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019; 72(5): 1389-96.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0285
Brites C, Alencar R, Gusmão R, Pedroso C, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, et al. Co-infection with HTLV-1 is associated with a shorter survival time for HIV-1 infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. AIDS (London, England). 2001; 15(15): 2053-2055.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200110190-00023
Ribeiro ML, Gonçalves JP, Morais VMS, Moura LCRV, Coêlho MRCD. HTLV 1/2 Prevalence and risk factors in individuals with HIV/AIDS in Pernambuco, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2019; 52: e20180244.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0244-2018
11. Galvão-Castro B, Loures L, Rodrigues LG, Sereno A, Ferreira Júnior OC, Franco LG, et al. Distribution of human T-lymphotropic virus type I among blood donors: a nationwide Brazilian study. Transfusion. 1997; 37(2): 242-3.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1997.37297203532.x
Paiva AM, Assone T, Haziot MEJ, Smid J, Fonseca LAM, do Carmo Luiz O, et al. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Brazil: longer breastfeeding, higher maternal proviral load and previous HTLV-1-infected offspring. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8: 7742.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25939-y
Royce RA, Seña A, Cates W Jr, Cohen MS. Sexual transmission of HIV. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997; 336: 1072-1078.
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199704103361507
Allain JP, Stramer SL, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Martins ML, Lopes da Silva SN, Ribeiro M, et al. Transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases. Biologicals. 2009; 37(2): 71-77. https://bit.ly/3u35bFc
Canini SRMS, Reis RB, Pereira LA, Gir E, Pelá NTR. HIV/AIDS patients quality of life: a literature review. Revista Latino-Americana Enfermagem. 2004; 12(6): 940-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692004000600014
Souza ARM, Thuler LCS, Lopez RRA, Puccioni-Sohler M. Prevalence of major depression and symptoms of depression in patients with HTLV-1 infections. J Bras Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis. 2009; 21(4): 163-165.
www.dst.uff.br/revista21-4-2009/2-Prevalencia%20de%20Depressao%20Maior.pdf
Moxoto I, Boa-Sorte N, Nunes C, Mota A, Dumas A, Dourado I, et al. Sociodemographic, epidemiological and behavioral profile of women infected with HTLV-1 in Salvador, Bahia, an endemic area for HTLV. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2007; 40(1): 37-41.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822007000100007
Ydy RRA, Ferreira D, Souto DFJ, Fontes CJ. Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1/2) infection among puerperal in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2009; 42(1): 28-32.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822009000100007
19. Figueiro-Filho EA, Senefonte FR, Lopes AH, de Morais OO, Souza Júnior VG, Maia TL, et al. Frequency of HIV-1, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, simple herpes virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Chagas’ disease and HTLV I/II infection in pregnant women of State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2007; 40(2): 181-187.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822007000200007
20. de Oliveira EH, Oliveira-Filho AB, Souza LA, da Silva LV, Ishak MO, Ishak R, et al. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus in patients infected with HIV-1: molecular epidemiology and risk factors for transmission in Piauí, Northeastern Brazil. Curr HIV Res. 2012; 10(6): 700-7.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x11209080700
21. Marcon CEM, Campos KR, da Silva GB, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Schlindwein AD, Trevisol DJ, et al. The first survey of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) in HIV/AIDS patients in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2019; 61: e53.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201961053
22. Caterino-de-Araújo A, Sacchi CT, Gonçalves MG, Campos KR, Magri MC, Alencar WK. Current prevalence and risk factors associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and human T lymphotropic virus type 2 infections among HIV/AIDS patients in São Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015; 31(5): 543-9.
https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0287
23. Galetto LR, Lunge VR, Béria JU, Tietzmann DC, Stein AT, Simon D. Prevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus infection in southern brazilian HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014; 30(9): 907-11.
https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0210
24. Brites C, Harrington Jr W, Pedroso C, Martins Netto E, Badaró R. Epidemiological characteristics of HTLV-I and II co-infection in Brazilian subjects infected by HIV-1. Braz J Infect Dis. 1997; 1(1): 42-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11107238/
25. Morimoto HK, Caterino-de-Araújo A, Morimoto AA, Reiche EM, Ueda LT, Matsuo T, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending AIDS referral center health units in Londrina and other communities in Paraná, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005; 21(4): 256-62.
https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2005.21.256
26. Rego FFA, Mota-Miranda A, Santos ES, Castro Filho BG,
Alcantara LC Jr. Seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of HTLV-1 isolates from HIV-1 co-infected women in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010; 26(12): 1333-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2009.0298
27. Vallinoto ACR, Azevedo VN, Santos DEM, Caniceiro S, Mesquita FCL, Hall WW, et al. Serological evidence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II coinfections in HIV-1 positive patients in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1998; 93(3): 407-409.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761998000300026
28. Neto WK, Sanabani SS, Jamal LF, Sabino EC. Prevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of human t-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the cities of Ribeirão Preto and São Paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2009; 42(3): 264-270.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822009000300006
29. Etzel A, Shibata G, Rozman M, Jorge ML, Damas CD, Segurado AA. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in HIV-infected individuals from Santos, Brazil: seroprevalence and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001; 26(2): 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-200102010-00015
30. Sodré HRS, Matos SB, Jesus ALSR, Lima FWM. Seroepidemiology of HTLV-I/II infection among population assisted by family health program in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de patologia Médica Laboratorial. 2010; 4(5): 369-374.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-24442010000500005
31. Moreira M, Ramos A, Netto EM, Brites C. Characteristics of co-infections by HCV and HBV among Brazilian patients infected by HIV-1 and/or HTLV-1. The Brazilian Journal of infectious diseases. 2013; 17:661-666
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2013.04.009
32. Gascon MRP, Capitão CG, Nogueira-Martins MCF, Casseb J, Oliveira ACP. Impotence and helplessness: Reflections about parentes with HAM/TSP in the HTLV context. Revista Panam Infectologia. 2011; 13(3):36-41
33. Lima LHM, Viana MC. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HTLV-I/II infection in low-income postpartum and pregnant women in Greater Metropolitan Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Caderno de Saúde Pública. 2009; 25: 668–676.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000300021
34. Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, Hagan H, Des Jarlais D, Horyniak D, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews. Lancet. 2011; 378: 571–583.
35. Machado Filho AC, Sardinha JF, Ponte RL, Costa EP, da Silva SS, Martinez-Espinosa FE. Prevalence of infection for HIV, HTLV, HBV and of syphilis and chlamydia in pregnant women in a tertiary health unit in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010; 32(4): 173-183
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61097-0
36. Signorino DJHP, Monteiro MCM, de Sá CAM, Sion FS, Neto HGL, Lima DP, et al. Prevalence of HIV-syphilis coinfection in a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2007; 40(3):282-285.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Escuela de Salud Pública y Ambiente. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the work to be copied, distributed, exhibited and interpreted as long as it is not done for commercial purposes.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after the publication process. (See The Effect of Open Access). (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
