Trastorno de juego por Internet y soledad: Un meta-análisis
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
A pesar de que solo afecta a una pequeña proporción de personas, el trastorno de juego por Internet se ha asociado a numerosas variables negativas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue sintetizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre la relación entre el trastorno de juego por Internet y la soledad. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PsycINFO, Scopus y ERIC recuperando 35 artículos y 42 muestras independientes. El meta-análisis comprendió 44140 participantes, en los cuales el trastorno de juego por Internet correlacionó con la soledad r = .28 (p < .001). Los análisis de sesgo de publicación y de sensibilidad mostraron la robustez de los resultados hallados. Se evaluaron potenciales variables moderadoras, siendo la prueba utilizada un moderador significativo. Se discutieron las limitaciones del estudio. El presente meta-análisis contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la asociación entre el trastorno de juego por Internet y la soledad.
Detalles del artículo
Sección
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
Cómo citar
Referencias
Adachi, P. J., & Willoughby, T. (2017). The link between playing video games and positive youth outcomes. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 202-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12232
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Schneider, B. H. (2013). Loneliness and Internet use. En R. J. Coplan, & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 317–334). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118427378.ch18
Balduzzi, S., Rücker, G., & Schwarzer, G. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 22(4), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117
Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., Rumpf, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2019). High involvement versus pathological involvement in video games: A crucial distinction for ensuring the validity and utility of gaming disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6(3), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00259-x
Bonnaire, C., & Baptista, D. (2019). Internet gaming disorder in male and female young adults: The role of alexithymia, depression, anxiety and gaming type. Psychiatry Research, 272, 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.158
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons
Botella, J. & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-Análisis en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Editorial Síntesis.
Burleigh, T. L., Griffiths, M. D., Sumich, A., Stavropoulos, V., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). A systematic review of the co-occurrence of Gaming Disorder and other potentially addictive behaviors. Current Addiction Reports, 6(4), 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00279-7
Calvo-Morata, A., Alonso-Fernández, C., Freire, M., Martínez-Ortiz, I., & Fernández-Manjón, B. (2020). Serious games to prevent and detect bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic serious games and literature review. Computers & Education, 157, Article 103958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103958
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203257842
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
*Chau, C. L., Tsui, Y. Y. Y., & Cheng, C. (2019). Gamification for internet gaming disorder prevention: Evaluation of a Wise IT-Use (WIT) Program for Hong Kong primary students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, artículo 2468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02468
*Chen, C. Y., & Chang, S. L. (2019). Moderating effects of information-oriented versus escapism-oriented motivations on the relationship between psychological well-being and problematic use of video game live-streaming services. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 564-573. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.34
Cheng, C., Cheung, M. W. L., & Wang, H. Y. (2018). Multinational comparison of internet gaming disorder and psychosocial problems versus well-being: Meta-analysis of 20 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.033
*Chen, C., & Leung, L. (2016). Are you addicted to Candy Crush Saga? An exploratory study linking psychological factors to mobile social game addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.11.005
*Cudo, A., Kopiś, N., & Zabielska-Mendyk, E. (2019). Personal distress as a mediator between self-esteem, self-efficacy, loneliness and problematic video gaming in female and male emerging adult gamers. PloS One, 14(12), Articulo e0226213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226213
Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00041-8
Downes, M. J., Brennan, M. L., Williams, H. C., & Dean, R. S. (2016). Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open, 6(12), Articulo e011458. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458
*Ekinci, N. E., Yalcin, I., & Ayhan, C. (2019). Analysis of loneliness levels and digital game addiction of middle school students according to various variables. World Journal of Education, 9(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v9n1p20
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Relationship of Internet gaming disorder symptom severity with non-suicidal self-injury among young adults. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00063
Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018776349
*Fernandes, B., Biswas, U. N., Tan-Mansukhani, R., Vallejo, A., & Essau, C. A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y adolescentes, 7(3), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2020.mon.2056
Gioia, F., Colella, G. M., & Boursier, V. (2022). Evidence on Problematic Online Gaming and Social Anxiety over the Past Ten Years: a Systematic Literature Review. Current Addiction Reports, 9(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00406-3
Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Bain, C., & Colditz, G. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care: a practical guide. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543500
*Gürbüz, P. T., Çoban, Ö. G., Erdoğan, A., Kopuz, H. Y., Adanir, A. S., & Önder, A. (2021). Evaluation of Internet Gaming Disorder, Social Media Addiction, and Levels of Loneliness in Adolescents and Youth with Substance Use. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(12), 1874-1879. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1958856
Hajek, A., & König, H. H. (2019). Obesity and loneliness. Findings from a longitudinal population‐based study in the second half of life in Germany. Psychogeriatrics, 19(2), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12375
Hakulinen, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., & Elovainio, M. (2018). Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK Biobank cohort study of 479 054 men and women. Heart, 104(18), 1536-1542. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312663
Hartung, J., & Knapp, G. (2001). A refined method for the meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Statistics in Medicine, 20(24), 3875-3889. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1009
Hawi, N. S., Samaha, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Internet gaming disorder in Lebanon: Relationships with age, sleep habits, and academic achievement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.16
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (2014). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.
Higgins, J. P., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539-1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
ISFE Europe’s Video Games Industry (2020). Key facts 2020. https://www.isfe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ISFE-final-1.pdf
Jones, C., Scholes, L., Johnson, D., Katsikitis, M., & Carras, M. C. (2014). Gaming well: links between videogames and flourishing mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Articulo 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00260
*Kanat, S. (2019). The Relationship between Digital Game Addiction, Communication Skills and Loneliness Perception Levels of University Students. International Education Studies, 12(11), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n11p80
*Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). Problematizing excessive online gaming and its psychological predictors. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.017
*Kim, M. G., & Kim, J. (2010). Cross-validation of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity for the problematic online game use scale. Computers inHuman Behavior, 26(3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.010
*Kim, B. N., & Ko, H. (2020). Psychometric properties of the nine-item Korean Internet Gaming Disorder Scale: Short Form. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(12), 854-859. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0227
Király, O., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5: Conceptualization, debates, and controversies. Current Addiction Reports, 2(3), 254-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0066-7
*Kircaburun, K., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., Kun, B., & Tosuntaş, Ş. B. (2020). Trait emotional intelligence and internet gaming disorder among gamers: The mediating role of online gaming motives and moderating role of age groups. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1446-1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00179-x
*Kircaburun, K., Griffiths, M. D., & Billieux, J. (2019). Psychosocial factors mediating the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and internet gaming disorder: a pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Articulo 1565031. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1565031
*Koban, K., Biehl, J., Bornemeier, J., & Ohler, P. (2021). Compensatory video gaming. Gaming behaviours and adverse outcomes and the moderating role of stress, social interaction anxiety, and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(13), 2727-2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2021.1946154
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.1.2012.1.1
Lasgaard, M., Friis, K., & Shevlin, M. (2016). “Where are all the lonely people?” A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(10), 1373-1384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3
*Lei, W., Liu, K., Zeng, Z., Liang, X., Huang, C., Gong, K., He, W., Xiang, B., Zhang, J., Zheng, X., & Chen, J. (2020). The psychometric properties of the Chinese version internet gaming disorder scale. Addictive Behaviors, 106, Articulo 106392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106392
*Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2015). The Internet gaming disorder scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000062
*Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458
*Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011). Psychosocial causes andconsequences of pathological gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015
Li, L., Niu, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Wang, W., Chang, C., & Mei, S. (2021). A network perspective on the relationship between gaming disorder, depression, alexithymia, boredom, and loneliness among a sample of Chinese university students. Technology in Society, 67, Articulo 101740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101740
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. SAGE.
Lyyra, N., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Eriksson, C., Madsen, K. R., Tolvanen, A., Löfstedt, P., & Välimaa, R. (2021). The association between loneliness, mental well-being, and self-esteem among adolescents in four Nordic countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), Articulo 7405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147405
*Maroney, N., Williams, B. J., Thomas, A., Skues, J., & Moulding, R. (2019). A stress-coping model of problem online video game use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(4), 845-858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9887-7
Martinez, L., Gimenes, M., & Lambert, E. (2022). Entertainment Video Games for Academic Learning: A Systematic Review. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(5), 1083-1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211053848
McKenna, K. Y., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00246
Mihara, S., & Higuchi, S. (2017). Cross‐sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12532
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
*Myrseth, H., Notelaers, G., Strand, L. Å., Borud, E. K., & Olsen, O. K. (2017). Introduction of a new instrument to measure motivation for gaming: the electronic gaming motives questionnaire. Addiction, 112(9), 1658-1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13874
*Myrseth, H., Olsen, O. K., Strand, L. Å., & Borud, E. K. (2017). Gaming behavior among conscripts: The role of lower psychosocial well-being factors in explaining gaming addiction. Military Psychology, 29(2), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000148
Nowland, R., Necka, E. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018). Loneliness and social internet use: pathways to reconnection in a digital world? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617713052
Ohayon, M. M., & Roberts, L. (2021). Internet gaming disorder and comorbidities among campus-dwelling US university students. Psychiatry Research, 302, Articulo 114043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114043
Ostinelli, E. G., Zangani, C., Giordano, B., Maestri, D., Gambini, O., D’Agostino, A., Furukawa, T. A., & Purgato, M. (2021). Depressive symptoms and depression in individuals with internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.014
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. En Peplau, L. A., Perlman, D. (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–8). Wiley.
Pitman, A., Mann, F., & Johnson, S. (2018). Advancing our understanding of loneliness and mental health problems in young people. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(12), 955-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30436-x
*Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Sindermann, C., Li, M., Becker, B., Zhou, M., & Montag, C. (2021). Measurement and conceptualization of Gaming Disorder according to the World Health Organization framework: The development of the Gaming Disorder Test. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(2), 508-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00088-z
Quadt, L., Esposito, G., Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2020). Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 283-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.015
Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín-María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018). Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 13(1), Articulo e0190033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190033
Rupinski, M. T., & Dunlap, W. P. (1996). Approximating Pearson product-moment correlations from Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(3), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056003004
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Saadati, H. M., Mirzaei, H., Okhovat, B., & Khodamoradi, F. (2021). Association between internet addiction and loneliness across the world: A meta-analysis and systematic review. SSM-Population Health, 16, Articulo 100948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100948
Sacolo, H., Chimbari, M., & Kalinda, C. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices on Schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1), Articulo 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2923-6
*Sarda, E., Bègue, L., Bry, C., & Gentile, D. (2016). Internet gaming disorder and well-being: A scale validation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(11), 674-679. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0286
*Scerri, M., Anderson, A., Stavropoulos, V., & Hu, E. (2019). Need fulfilment and internet gaming disorder: A preliminary integrative model. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, Articulo 100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100144
*Sheng, J. R., & Wang, J. L. (2021). Development and psychometric properties of the problematic mobile video gaming scale. Current Psychology, 40, 4624-4634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00415-6
Sidik, K., & Jonkman, J. N. (2005). Simple heterogeneity variance estimation for meta‐analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 54(2), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00489.x
Sirois, F. M., & Owens, J. (2021). A meta-analysis of loneliness and use of primary health care. Health Psychology Review, 17(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1986417
*Snodgrass, J. G., Bagwell, A., Patry, J. M., Dengah II, H. F., Smarr-Foster, C., Van Oostenburg, M., & Lacy, M. G. (2018). The partial truths of compensatory and poor-get-poorer internet use theories: More highly involved videogame players experience greater psychosocial benefits. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 10-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.020
Statista (2021). Number of video gamers worldwide 2021, by region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/293304/number-video-gamers/
Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
Stevic, A., & Matthes, J. (2021). A vicious circle between children’s non-communicative smartphone use and loneliness: Parents cannot do much about it. Telematics and Informatics, 64, Articulo 101677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101677
Surkalim, D. L., Luo, M., Eres, R., Gebel, K., van Buskirk, J., Bauman, A., & Ding, D. (2022). The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 376, Articulo e067068. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-067068
Teng, Z., Pontes, H. M., Nie, Q., Xiang, G., Griffiths, M. D., & Guo, C. (2020). Internet gaming disorder and psychosocial well-being: a longitudinal study of older-aged adolescents and emerging adults. Addictive Behaviors, 110, Articulo 106530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106530
*Tian, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, R., Wang, P., Gao, F., & Chen, Y. (2018). Association between specific internet activities and life satisfaction: the mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Articulo 1181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01181
*Travaglino, G. A., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Lu, X., & Choi, H. S. (2020). We are all in this together: The role of individuals’ social identities in problematic engagement with video games and the internet. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(2), 522-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12365
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021). Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 93(1), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006
*Van Rooij, A. J., Ferguson, C. J., Van de Mheen, D., & Schoenmakers, T. M. (2017). Time to abandon internet addiction? Predicting problematic internet, game, and social media use from psychosocial well-being and application use. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 113-121. https://www.clinicalneuropsychiatry.org/download/time-to-abandon-internet-addiction-predicting-problematic-internet-game-and-social-media-use-from-psychosocial-well-being-and-application-use/
*Van Rooij, A. J., Schoenmakers, T. M., Van den Eijnden, R. J., Vermulst, A. A., & van de Mheen, D. (2012). Video game addiction test: validity and psychometric characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 507-511. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0007
*Von der Heiden, J. M., Braun, B., Müller, K. W., & Egloff, B. (2019). The association between video gaming and psychological functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Articulo 1731. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01731
*Wang, H. Y., & Cheng, C. (2021). New perspectives on the prevalence and associated factors of gaming disorder in Hong Kong community adults: A generational approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Articulo 106574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106574
*Wang, J. L., Sheng, J. R., & Wang, H. Z. (2019). The association between mobile game addiction and depression, social anxiety, and loneliness. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, Articulo 247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00247
Wang, M., Zeng, N., Zheng, H., Du, X., Potenza, M. N., & Dong, G. H. (2022). Altered effective connectivity from the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to the laterobasal amygdala mediates the relationship between internet gaming disorder and loneliness. Psychological Medicine, 52(4), 737-746. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002366
Webster, D., Dunne, L., & Hunter, R. (2021). Association between social networks and subjective well-being in adolescents: A systematic review. Youth & Society, 53(2), 175-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x20919589
Wong, H. Y., Mo, H. Y., Potenza, M. N., Chan, M. N. M., Lau, W. M., Chui, T. K., Pakpour, A., & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Relationships between severity of internet gaming disorder, severity of problematic social media use, sleep quality and psychological distress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), Articulo 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061879
World Health Organization. (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/en
*Wu, A. M., Lei, L. L., & Ku, L. (2013). Psychological needs, purpose in life, and problem video game playing among Chinese young adults. International Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.658057
Xu, W., Liang, H. N., Baghaei, N., Wu Berberich, B., & Yue, Y. (2020). Health benefits of digital videogames for the aging population: A systematic review. Games for Health Journal, 9(6), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2019.0130
Yang, X., Jiang, X., Mo, P. K. H., Cai, Y., Ma, L., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020). Prevalence and interpersonal correlates of internet gaming disorders among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), Articulo 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020579
*Yu, Y., Peng, L., Mo, P. K., Yang, X., Cai, Y., Ma, L., She, R., & Lau, J. T. (2022). Association between relationship adaptation and Internet gaming disorder among first-year secondary school students in China: Mediation effects via social support and loneliness. Addictive Behaviors, 125, Articulo 107166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107166
Zhang, J., Xu, L., Li, J., Sun, L., Ding, G., Qin, W., Zhu, J., Yu, Z., & Xie, S. (2018). Loneliness and health service utilization among the rural elderly in Shandong, China: a cross-sectional study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(7), Articulo 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071468
Zhang, M. X., Wang, X., Yu, S., & Wu, A. M. (2019). Purpose in life, social support, and internet gaming disorder among Chinese university students: A 1-year follow-up study. Addictive Behaviors, 99, Articulo 106070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106