new recordS of mitoSPoric aScomyceteS on

nothofagaceae from Patagonia, argentina

nuevoS regiStroS de aScomyceteS mitoSPóricoS en nothofagaceae

de la Patagonia, argentina

1

Romina M. Sánchez * & M. Virginia Bianchinotti

Summary

Background and aims: The Funga of the Patagonian Nothofagus forests is being

studied since the late 19 century, but despite many eﬀorts is still far from being

1. Departamento de Biología,

th

Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad

Nacional de Sur (UNS) y Centro de

Recursos Naturales Renovables de

la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-UNS-

CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina

completely known. The aim of this paper is to present detailed descriptions and data

on geographical distribution of some genera and species of mitosporic ascomycetes

that constitute new records for Argentina and for the Neotropical Region.

M&M: Bark and woody debris from native Nothofagaceae were collected and studied.

Reproductive structures were hand-sectioned and examined following traditional

mycological techniques.

*rsanchez@uns.edu.ar

Results: Six species of mitosporic ascomycetes were identiﬁed: Avettaea

salvadorae, Bactrodesmium atrum, Dwiroopa ramya, Gilmaniella multiporosa,

Monodictys paradoxa and Pycnopeziza quisquiliaris. Full descriptions, comments

on identiﬁcation and data on distribution and habitat of each species are provided,

along with photographs illustrating diagnostic features.

Conclusions: Two genera, Dwiroopa and Pycnopeziza, and one species, M.

paradoxa, are registered for the ﬁrst time in the Neotropical Region, two other

species are ﬁrst recorded in South America (B. atrum and G. multiporosa). This

constitutes the second record of A. salvadorae in the continent, thus expanding its

area of distribution.

Citar este artículo

SÁNCHEZ, R. M.

BIANCHINOT TI. 2023. New

records of mitosporic ascomycetes

on Nothofagaceae from Patagonia,

Argentina. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58:

& M. V.

4

91-503.

DOI: https://doi.

org/10.31055/1851.2372.v58.

n4.42019

Key wordS

Anamorphs, Andean forests, Ascomycota, Fungi, Lophozonia, Nothofagus.

reSumen

Introducción y objetivos: La Funga de los bosques patagónicos de “Nothofagus”

viene siendo estudiada desde ﬁnales del siglo XIX, pero a pesar de los muchos

esfuerzos realizados aún está lejos de ser completamente conocida. El objetivo

de este trabajo es presentar descripciones detalladas y datos sobre la distribución

geográﬁca de algunos géneros y especies de ascomicetes mitospóricos, que

constituyen nuevos registros para Argentina y para la Región Neotropical.

M&M: Se recolectaron y estudiaron restos de corteza y madera de Nothofagaceae

nativas. Las estructuras reproductivas se seccionaron a mano y se examinaron

siguiendo las técnicas micológicas tradicionales.

Resultados: Se identiﬁcaron seis especies de ascomicetes mitospóricos: Avettaea

salvadorae, Bactrodesmium atrum, Dwiroopa ramya, Gilmaniella multiporosa,

Monodictys paradoxa and Pycnopeziza quisquiliaris. Se presentan descripciones

completas, comentarios sobre la identiﬁcación y datos sobre la distribución y el

hábitat de cada especie, junto con fotografías que ilustran sus características

diagnósticas.

Conclusiones: Se registran dos géneros, Dwiroopa y Pycnopeziza, y una especie,

M. paradoxa, por primera vez en la Región Neotropical, otras dos especies se

registran por primera vez para Sudamérica (B. atrum y G. multiporosa). Este

constituye el segundo registro de A. salvadorae en el continente, ampliando así su

área de distribución.

Recibido: 31 Jul 2023

Aceptado: 20 Oct 2023

Publicado impreso: 22 Dic 2023

PalabraS clave

Anamorfos, Ascomycota, Bosques andinos, Fungi, Lophozonia, Nothofagus.

Editora: María Victoria Vignale

ISSN versión impresa 0373-580X

ISSN versión on-line 1851-2372

491

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58 (4) 2023

introduction

and for the Neotropical Region, along with detailed

descriptions, and data on geographical distribution

The temperate Andean Patagonian forests of of each one.

Argentina and Chile constitute the southernmost

forests on Earth and one of the most particular

bio-geographical formations of South America materialS and methodS

(Hueck, 1978; Cabrera & Willink, 1980; Donoso

Zegers, 1993). Its biota is historically related

Small pieces of bark were taken off from

with that of Australia and New Zealand, and is living plants of Lophozonia obliqua, L. alpina, N.

characterized by great biodiversity and high rates antarctica, N. dombeyi and N. pumilio; and also

of endemism (Bertonatti & Corcuera, 2000). The from logs of N. pumilio deposited in the sawmill

dominant plant family is Nothofagaceae (Crisci “Aserradero Pelech S.A.” Survey was done in

et al., 1991), which was considered monogeneric protected areas from the Andean Patagonian forests

until Heannan and Smissen (2013) reassessed its of Argentina: Parque Nacional Lanín, Parque

classiﬁcation and rearranged the species in four Nacional Los Alerces, Parque Nacional Nahuel

genera: Fuscospora (R. S. Hill & J. Read) Heenan Huapi and Parque Provincial Lago Baggilt. A total

&

Smissen, Lophozonia Turcz., Nothofagus Blume, of 148 samples were examined. Sections of fungal

and Trisyngyne Baill. In Argentina, two species of materials were freehand made under a Leica EZ4

Lophozonia (L. alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Heenan & stereomicroscope and mounted in water or 5%

Smissen and L. obliqua (Mirb.) Heenan & Smissen) KOH with phloxine. Microscopic observations

and four of Nothofagus (N. antarctica (G. Forst.) and photographs were made with a Leica DM2000

Oerst., N. betuloides (Mirb.) Oerst., N. dombeyi microscope with a Samsung NV10 digital camera.

(Mirb.) Oerst., and N. pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) To measure diagnostic structures, material was

Krasser) are present. All of them are also present in mounted in tap water and, at least, 10 measurements

Chile along with four more species, endemic from were taken; M represents the average values.

that country.

For scanning electron microscopy, reproductive

ThefungalbiodiversityofPatagonianNothofagus structures were dehydrated (15 minutes in each

forests have been intensively studied, but despite step) in a graded acetone series (10%-90%, 95%),

many eﬀorts, its Funga is still far from being as followed by three changes in absolute acetone.

well-known as the Flora and the Fauna are, in this After critical point-drying, the specimens were

region. Pioneers like Dusén, Müller, Nylander mounted on aluminum stubs, sputter coated with

and Spegazzini, were followed in the middle of gold-palladium, and viewed with a LEO EVO 40

th

the 20 century by Gamundí, Horak, Singer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Vouchers

Wright and, more closely, we could mention the were air dried and deposited in BBB Herbarium

contributions of Rajchenberg, collaborators and of the Universidad Nacional del Sur. Isolates were

disciples. Some groups, like several among the tried in traditional culture media as MA, OA, PDA

macromycetes, are much better known than others, (Waller et al., 2001) or in Nothofagus Agar (NA)

such as most of the ascomycetes, particularly those or Nothofagus Glucose Agar (NGA), which were

with tiny reproductive structures.

prepared from a decoction of Nothofagus dombeyi

With the aim of expanding the knowledge on bark, by boiling 7 g of bark in small pieces, in 200

these fungi, a survey of micromycetes on native ml of distilled water for 15 minutes. Then both

plants of the Andean Patagonian forest was media were made as follows: -NA: 170 ml of ﬁltered

initiated in the early 2000s. Since then, several N. dombeyi decoction, 10 g agar and distilled water

new species and new records of Ascomycota to reach 500 ml in volume; pH 5 and 20 minutes

have been published (Bianchinotti et al., 2002; of sterilization at 1 atmosphere, -NGA: 170 ml of

Bianchinotti & Rajchenberg, 2004; Sánchez & ﬁltered N. dombeyi decoction, glucose 5 g, agar 10

Bianchinotti, 2007, 2010, 2015; Sánchez et al., g and distilled water to reach 500 ml in volume; pH

2

012, 2018, 2019).

Here, new records of some genera and species of The authors of the species are listed following Index

mitosporic ascomycetes are presented for Argentina Fungorum (www. indexfungorum.org).

6 and 20 minutes of sterilization at 1 atmosphere.

492

R. M. Sánchez & M. V. Bianchinotti - Ascomycetes on Nothofagaceae of Patagonia

reSultS

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Prov.

Chubut: Parque Nacional Los Alerces, ca. 12 km

Six species of mitosporic ascomycetes were on the way to Lago Baggilt (43° 15′ 59.76″ S, 71°

identified: Avettaea salvadorae (Petr.) Abbas 39′ 2.52″ W), 1079 m alt., on bark of N. pumilio, 15-

&

B. Sutton, Bactrodesmium atrum M.B. Ellis, V-2007, Bianchinotti & Sánchez 545 (BBB).

Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary,

Gilmaniella multiporosa Moustafa & Ezz-Eldin, 2. Bactrodesmium atrum M. B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap.

Monodictys paradoxa (Corda) S. Hughes and 72: 9. 1959. Fig. 1G-J.

Pycnopeziza quisquiliaris (Ellis & Everh.) W.L.

White & Whetzel.

Conidiomata sporodochial, scattered, punctiform

or irregular, bright black, superﬁcial, sometimes

1

. Avettaea salvadorae (Petr.) Abbas & B. Sutton, eﬀuse colonies. Mycelium immersed, branched,

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 90: 491. 1988. Fig. 1A-F.

hyaline to pale brown, formed by cylindrical cells,

thin-walled, smooth, 6-21 × 4-5 µm (M = 13.9

Conidiomata pycnidial, spheroidal, × 4.8). Conidiophores cylindrical, unbranched,

subperidermic, dark brown to black, ca. 158 pale brown, ca. 7-10 × 2 µm. Conidiogenous

µm diam., 132-138 µm high (M = 134.9); cells cylindrical, widening towards the apex,

peridium of textura epidermoidea, ca. 20 µm monoblastic, integrated, determinate, terminal,

thick. Conidiophores absent or represented by a smooth, pale brown, ca. 3-7 × 6 µm. Conidial

cylindrical to quadrangular subhyaline cell, ca. secession rhexolytic. Conidia solitary, obovoid, 2-6

5

µm high. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform, septate, mostly smooth, sometimes punctate, apical

enteroblastic, annelidic, with a small collarette, cells black, basally pale brown to subhyaline, 32-68

discrete or integrated, percurrent, smooth, hyaline, × 20-38 µm (M = 49 × 28.4; n = 52).

9

-15 × 2-5 µm (M = 10.9 × 2.9). Conidia slightly

obovoid, enclosed by mucilaginous sheath (0.5-2

µm wide), aseptate, smooth, hyaline, 9-16 × 7-12 of Lophozonia obliqua in Nothofagaceae forest

Distribution and habitat. Growing on bark

µm (M = 12.6 × 9.8; n = 20).

in Argentina; on rotten branches of unidentiﬁed

tree from China (Zhao et al., 2009), on bark of

Distribution and habitat. Growing on twigs deciduous trees of England including Betula sp.

of Geoffroea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & and Fagus sylvatica L. (Ellis, 1959); on F. crenata

Arn.) Burkart (Bianchinotti, 1993) and on bark of Blume in Japan (Matsushima, 1975); on stems of

Nothofagus pumilio in Argentina. On Salvadora Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud., in a brackish

oleoides Decne. and S. persica L. in India and tidal marsh of the river Scheldt in the Netherlands

Pakistan (Abbas & Sutton, 1988).

(Van Ryckegem & Verbeken, 2005); on Agathis

australis (D. Don) Lindl., Beilschmiedia tarairi

Comments. The specimen described here is Kirk, Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. Forst. & G.

assigned to A. salvadorae because of the presence Forst., Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R. Forst. & G.

of enteroblastic conidiogenous cells and the size of Forst.) Vahl, Laurelia novae-zelandiae A. Cunn.,

conidia, which are the biggest in the genus (8-21.5 Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.,

×

9-17.5 µm). The species is easily distinguishable Rhopalostylis sapida H. Wendl. & Drude and

from the other two in the genus, A. alcornii Sivan. Rhopalostylis sp. from New Zealand (Hughes,

B. Sutton and A. philippinensis Petr. & Syd., 1978); on unidentified dead wood from Spain

&

because the ﬁrst has holoblastic conidiogenous (Silvera-Simón et al., 2009); on Elaeis guineensis

cells (4.5-7 µm high) and smaller (9-11 µm diam.), Jacq. in Tanzania (Pirozynski, 1972).

spherical, verrucose conidia, with a very thin,

persistent mucilaginous sheath (less than 1 µm).

Comments. The material is fully consistent in all

The second, which is the type species, diﬀers its features with the originally described growing

because conidia, of less size, are ellipsoidal to ovoid on Fagus sylvatica and Betula sp. in England (Ellis,

(6-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm) and are devoid of conidial 1959). It only diﬀers in having thicker hyphae than

sheath when mature. that (1.5-4 µm wide). Three species have been

493

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58 (4) 2023

Fig. 1. Avettaea salvadorae. A: Pycnidial conidioma on substrate. B: Vertical section of a pycnidial

conidioma. C: Conidiogenous cell. D: Conidiogenous cell with two annelidic percurrences. E: Conidium

before liberation from conidiogenous cell. F: Conidia. Bactrodesmium atrum. G: Sporodochial conidioma

on substrate. H: Conidium detached from conidiogenous cell and view of the conidiophore. I: Conidium 6

septate, septa visible by constrictions. J: Conidium with ornamented wall. Abbreviations: cg: conidiogenous

cell; sh: sheath; sp: septa. Scale bars= A, G: 100 µm; B: 40 µm; C-D: 2 µm; E: 5 µm; F: 10 µm; H-J: 20 µm.

earlier found growing on Nothofagaceae hosts. clavate, 3 to 9 septate conidia (Hughes, 1983). The

One of them, B. biformatum (Hönh.) S. Hughes second one is B. traversoanum (Peyronel) M.B.

found on corticated branches of Nothofagus sp. in Ellis which diﬀers from B. atrum in the length of

New Zealand, diﬀers from B. atrum in the paler the conidiophores (up to 35 µm) and in the shape

and smaller (18-40 × 7-9.4 µm), ellipsoidal to (clavate to ellipsoidal) of the smaller conidia

494

R. M. Sánchez & M. V. Bianchinotti - Ascomycetes on Nothofagaceae of Patagonia

(20-37 × 8-12 µm) (Ellis, 1959). The third one, Lythrum salicaria L. from the USA and D. punica

B. nothofagi J.A. Cooper, has paler and smaller K.V. Xavier, A.N. Kc, J.Z. Groenew., Vallad &

conidia (47-55 × 18-25 μm) with more septa (5-8) Crous which is pathogenic to Punica granatum

(Cooper, 2005).

L. in the USA. The macroconidia of D. ramya are

the longest in the genus (up to 30 μm), in D. lythri

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Neuquén: they are subglobose to ellipsoidal (up to 19 μm)

Parque Nacional Lanín, ascent path to the Cascada and in D. punica broadly ellipsoid (up to 20 μm)

Chachín waterfall (40° 8′ 25.29 ″S, 71° 40′ 3.84″ (Subramanian & Muthumary, 1986).

W), 757 m alt., 15-V-2007, on bark of Lophozonia

obliqua, Bianchinotti & Sánchez 591 (BBB).

Material examined: ARGENTINA. Chubut:

Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Huemules forest

3

. Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. (42º 47’ 27.7” S, 71º 28’ 15.5” W), 1137 m alt.,

Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 96: 196. 1986. Fig. 2A-D. on fallen branches of N. pumilio, 20-XI-2003,

Rajchenberg 12131 (BBB); Esquel, Aserradero

Conidiomata stromatic immersed, erumpent Pelech Hnos., 8-V-2006; on logs of N. pumilio

through the bark, gelatinous and dark brown (from Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Huemules

when wet, carbonaceous and black when dry, 3-9 forest), Bianchinotti 67, 68 (BBB).

×

3-7 mm (M = 6.1 × 4.3); plurilocular, locules

oval to pyriform, separated by cells in textura 4. Gilmaniella multiporosa Moustafa & Ezz-

porrecta, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, 5-18 × Eldin., Mycol. Res. 92: 502. 1989. Fig. 2E-I.

2

-8 μm (M = 11.2 × 5.6). Conidiogenous cells of

two types: a) holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical,

Colonies sporodochial, punctiform, irregular,

smooth, hyaline; those producing macroconidia gregarious, sometimes confluent, dark brown,

measure 5-17 × 2-7 μm (M = 10.3 × 3.6), while bright. Mycelium immerse, ramiﬁed, pale brown,

mesoconidia producing cells are 12-26 × 2-4 individual cells cylindrical to reniform, smooth,

μm (M = 16.7 × 2.4); b) enteroblastic phialidic, 4-10 × 3-4 µm (M = 6.9 × 3.3). Conidiophores

cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, 4-15 × 1-3 μm (M = macronematous, cylindrical, septate, pale brown,

9

.7 × 2), these cells are integrated on cylindrical, 33-93 × 2-3 µm (M = 60.4 × 2.9). Conidiogenous

branched, smooth, hyaline conidiophores, ca. 27- cells mono or polyblastic, clavate, discrete, terminal

9 × 2 μm. Macroconidia unicellular, ellipsoidal, or intercalar, smooth, pale brown, 6-18 × 3-7 µm

3

dark brown, 1-2 longitudinal germ slits, smooth (M = 9.9 × 4.7). Conidia holoblastic, in chains of up

with SEM, 11-29 × 8-12 μm (M = 19.6 × 9.7; n = to 8 conidia, subspherical, smooth, pale brown, 6-9

5

1). Macroconidia germinates through the slits to × 4-7 µm (M = 7.7 × 6.3; n = 23), surface with many

produce a septate, hyaline mycelium. Mesoconidia scars or pores, from which new lateral chains may

unicellular, ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline to pale be produced; terminal conidia globose, smooth,

brown, 6-15 × 2-8 μm (M = 11.2 × 5.1; n = 28). dark brown, 9-17 × 9-14 (M = 13.8 × 12; n = 31).

Microconidia unicellular, ellipsoidal, apical end

rounded, base truncate, smooth, hyaline, 2-10 × 1-3

μm (M = 6.4 × 2.5; n = 31).

Distribution and habitat. Growing on bark of N.

antarctica in Argentina and in saline soil in Egypt

(Moustafa & Ezz-Eldin, 1989).

Distribution and habitat. Growing on bark of

fallen branches and logs of N. pumilio in Argentina

Comments.ThespecimenfoundinPatagoniacould

and on an indeterminate host in India (Subramanian not be isolated, however diagnostic morphological

&

Muthumary, 1986).

features such as shape and size of conidiogenous

cells and conidia ﬁt well with those materials isolated

Comments. The material on Nothofagus fully from the soil of a salt marsh at north of Sinai (Egypt).

agrees with the original description of the species. The patagonian collection diﬀers only in possessing

Besides the species reported here, the genus conidiophores and having longer conidial chains

contains two other ones: D. lythri (D.F. Farr & (up to 8 conidia) than in Egyptian specimens (2-3

Rossman) D.F. Farr & Rossman on leaves of conidia) (Moustafa & Ezz-Eldin, 1989).

495

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58 (4) 2023

Fig. 2. Dwiroopa ramya. A: Stromatic conidioma on decorticated wood. B: Two microconidia surrounded

by macroconidia. C: View of the longitudinal germ slits of macroconidia. D: Conidium germinating through

the longitudinal slit. Gilmaniella multiporosa. E: Sporodochial conidioma on substrate. F: Conidiophore. G:

Conidiogenous cell. H: Conidia in chains. I: Terminal conidia showing multiple scars. Monodictys paradoxa. J:

Conidioma on substrate. K: Conidium detached from the conidiogenous cell which narrows towards the apex.

L: Conidium showing the lighter basal cells and a rest of the conidiogenous cell. M: Germinating conidium and

formation of a new one. N: Diﬀerent shapes and sizes of conidia. Pycnopeziza quisquiliaris. O: Vertical section

of a conidioma. P: Chain of two conidia (phloxine stain). Q: Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells (phloxine

stain). R: Conidiophore. Abbreviations= cg: conidiogenous cell; cp: conidiophore; mc: microconidia; s: scars; sl:

germ slits. Scale bars= A: 1 mm; B–I, L–N, P: 15 µm; K, Q–R: 10 µm; O: 50 µm.

496

R. M. Sánchez & M. V. Bianchinotti - Ascomycetes on Nothofagaceae of Patagonia

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Neuquén wood and bark from Malawi (Sutton, 1993); on

Prov.: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, National diﬀerent parts of Rubus gracilis J. Presl & C. Presl

Route 40, going from Villa La Angostura to Villa and Rubus sp. and bark of Sizyngium cumini (L.)

Traful, 1 km before to the provincial access Route Skeels in Pakistan (Abbas & Sobia, 2008); on B.

6

2

5 (40° 37’ 1.358” S, 71° 38’ 48.098” W), 16-V- pendula and Quercus sp. in Poland (Kieruczenko,

007, on bark of N. Antarctica, Bianchinotti and 1976); on stems of Chrysanthemum coreanum (H.

Sánchez 564 (BBB).

Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai ex T. Mori. and cuttings of

Rhododendron sp. and branches of R. dauricum L.

5

. Monodictys paradoxa (Corda) S. Hughes, and R. sichotense Pojark. from Russia (Melnik &

Canad. J. Bot. 36: 786. 1958. Fig. 2J-N.

Papushoi, 1992; Melnik 2000; Pavlyuk, 2009); on

unidentiﬁed twigs in Taiwan (Matsushima, 1980);

Colonies superficial, discrete, punctate, on B. pendula in Scotland, Ukraine and United

irregular, dark brown, bright. Mycelium scarce, Kingdom (Hughes, 1951; Hayova, 2011); on

immerse, hyphae cylindrical, short, flexuous, wood of Acer saccharum Marshall and Lonicera

thick walled, smooth, brown. Conidiophores canadensis Bartram & W. Bartram ex Marshall

semi-macronematous, cylindrical, long, smooth, in the USA (Barr, 1978; Mack, 2022), and on

hyaline, ca. 3 µm diam. Conidiogenous cells Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in Uzbekistan (Gaﬀorov,

monoblastic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, 2017).

short, sometimes narrowing to the apex, smooth,

brown, 5-19 × 4-8 (M = 11.4 × 5.6). Conidia

Comments. The specimen found in Patagonia

irregular, globose, clavate or pyriform, smooth, agrees well with the original, just for a slight

dark reddish brown, constricted at the thick diﬀerence in the size of conidiogenous cells.

septa, 21-49 × 14-36 µm (M = 33.2 × 22.2; n = Species of Monodictys are widely spread around

4

7), individual cells globose, guttulate, often 2–4 the world. When compared with the only three

basal cells lighter. Monosporic isolates were done species previously recorded in South America, M.

on NA, NGA and PDA following Goh (1999) paradoxa is distinct from M. castaneae (Wallr.)

and placing groups of conidia over small pieces S. Hughes, found on leaves of Eucalyptus spp.

of sterilized Nothofagus wood. Sporulation was in Brazil, because this latter has conidia formed

observed at 7 days and formation of yellow by a few cells, with verrucose walls and truncate

crystals appeared in some 4 months old cultures.

base (Wellbaum et al., 1999). It diﬀers from M.

glauca (Cooke & Harkn.) S. Hughes, recorded

Distribution and habitat. Growing on the bark on bark of Nothofagus betuloides in Tierra del

of stems of Lophozonia alpina and L. obliqua Fuego (Argentina), due to its smaller conidia

in Argentina; on bark of a dead branch of fallen (7-14 × 5-10 µm) (Godeas & Arambarri, 2007).

Sorbus aucuparia L. tree in Belarus (Yurchenko, Lastly it could be distinguished from M. pelagica

2

001); on Betula papyrifera Marshall and Betula (T. Johnson) E.B.G. Jones, recorded on bark

sp. from Canada (Hughes, 1960, 1987); on standing of an indeterminate plant in Chile, for having

senescent culms of Bambusa sp. and Miscanthus undiﬀerentiated conidiophores and conidiogenous

ﬂoridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb. cells, and slightly smaller conidia that when

in China (Wong & Hyde, 2001); on Betula sp. mature they turn completely black so septa are not

in Czech Republic (Corda, 1938); on Nectandra visible (34-44 × 17-31 µm) (Hughes & Chamut,

sp. in Cuba (Mercado Sierra, 1981); on bark 1971).

of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and Eucalyptus

sp. in India (Prasher & Verma, 2016); Prunus

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Neuquén:

yedoensis Matsum. in Japan (Matsushima, 1975); Parque Nacional Lanín, on the way to Lago Hui

on indeterminate bark, twig and decayed wood Hui; 17-V-2007, on bark of L. alpine, Bianchinotti

from Mexico (Heredia-Abarca, 1998); on dead and Sánchez 574 (BBB); ibid., in the path of ascent

wood of Betula pendula Roth and Quercus robur to Cascada Chachín (40° 8′ 25.29″ S, 71° 40′ 3.84″

L. in Lithuania (Treigiené & Markovskaja, 2003; W), 757 m alt., 17-V-2007, on bark of L. obliqua,

Markovskaja & Treigiené 2005); on unidentiﬁed Bianchinotti and Sánchez 592 (BBB).

497

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58 (4) 2023

6. Pycnopeziza quisquiliaris (Ellis & Everh.) W.L. usually considered a good expression of diversity in

White & Whetzel, Mycologia 30: 192. 1938. Fig. a particular ecosystem (Bermudez & Lindemann-

2O-R.

Matthies, 2020). When the diversity of ascomycetes

related to Nothofagus forests is compared between

Conidiomata pycnidial, subperidermic, globose to our continent and Oceania, the greater specific

obpiriform, dark brown when wet, black when dried, richness is registered in South America, both regions

80-225 × 100-188 µm (M = 193 × 138); ostiolum share a few number of genera (less than 20) (Grandi

1

star-shaped. Conidiophores cylindrical, subhyaline & Silva, 2006; Iturriaga & Minter, 2006; Minter &

to pale brown, ca. 5-10 × 3 µm. Conidiogenous Peredo López, 2006; Minter & Silva, 2007; Biota of

hyphae cylindrical, holothallic, discrete, determinate, New Zealand, 2023; Farr et al., 2023).

smooth-walled, subhyaline to pale brown, ca. 10-26

The mitosporic fungi reported here are rare

×

3 µm (M = 14.4 × 3). Conidia cylindrical with species, mostly of them belong to genera poorly

rounded ends, sometimes curved, centrally 1-septate, known. The species of the coelomycete genus

constricted, guttulate, hyaline, 11-17 × 2-4 µm (M = Avettaea Petr. & Syd. are infrequently collected, and

14 × 3; n = 34), forming chains of up to 3 conidia.

no sequence data are available, thus their taxonomic

placement remains uncertain (Wijayawardene et

Distribution and habitat. Growing on decorticated al., 2016). This genus was ﬁrst referred to South

branches of Nothofagus antarctica in Argentina, on America by Bianchinotti (1993) who recorded the

buds of Acer rubrum L. and on buds, leaves and same species, A. salvadorae, on bark of a native

petioles of an undetermined herbaceous species, both leguminosae shrub, and so far, there has been no

from the USA (White & Whetzel, 1938).

other record of any species in the continent (Farr,

973; Iturriaga & Minter, 2006; Minter & Peredo

1

Comments. Pycnopeziza quisquilaris is the only López, 2006; Minter & Silva, 2007). In the material

species in the genus with conidia deprived of described here, conidia are hyaline, probably because

appendages. The patagonian material agrees well they are immature. Although the typical paraphyses

with the originally described, which diﬀers for its of A. salvadorae were not observed here, these could

bigger conidiomata (400-1000 µm diameter) and be absent in some collections (Bianchinotti, 1993).

longer chains of up to 16-20 conidia (White & This last feature, along with others such as the much

Whetzel, 1938).

smaller conidiomata, raises the question of whether

it is a new species. Unlikely the scarce quantity of

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Chubut: conidiomata found and the frustrated cultivation

Parque Nacional Los Alerces, on the way to attempts have prevented the possibility to obtain

Huemules forest, (42° 47’ 27.769’’ S, 71° 28’ molecular sequences. Additional material needs

15.466’’W), 1137 m alt., 28-X-2006, on decorticated to be examined to perform a deﬁnite assignment.

branches of N. antarctica, Bianchinotti and Sánchez The record of this uncommon species is important

335 (BBB).

because the original host species are endangered

because of habitat loss.

BactrodesmiumatrumisﬁrstrecordedinArgentina,

and on a nothofagaceous host. Bactrodesmium

Cooke constitutes a well-resolved lineage in the

diScuSSion

From the species of ascomycetes presented here, Savoryellales (Sordariomycetes) (Réblová et al.,

ﬁve are recorded for the ﬁrst time in the country, 2020). Four species have been previously registered

while three of them are also cited in South America in SouthAmerica considering the old circumscription

for the ﬁrst time. All of them are ﬁrst cited associated of the genus: B. aspidospermatis Bat., Peres & R.

to a nothofagaceous host, adding to the ca. 200 Garnier in Brazil on Aspidosperma sp. (Batista et

species mentioned by Farr et al. (2023) in relation al., 1965), B. microleucurum (Speg.) M.E. Ellis in

to this plant family in South America. From these, Chile on Chusquea cumingii (Spegazzini, 1921;

1

7

23 species have been recorded in Argentina and Ellis, 1965), B. peruvianum B. Sutton in Perú on

6 in Chile, but just a few number of species (11) dead fallen leaves of Eucalyptus spp. (Sutton, 1977)

are shared by both countries. Number of species are and B. traversoanum in Argentina on litter of N.

498

R. M. Sánchez & M. V. Bianchinotti - Ascomycetes on Nothofagaceae of Patagonia

dombeyi (Gamundí et al., 1979). However, only

This is the ﬁrst record of Monodictys paradoxa

two of them were included and accepted in the in South America. This species was originally

updated circumscription proposed by Réblová et al. described by Corda (1838) as Sporidesmium

(2020): B. peruvianum and B. traversoanum (as B. paradoxum Corda and then transferred by Hughes

traversianum). On the contrary, B. aspidospermatis (1958) to Monodictys as M. paradoxa (Corda)

is not mentioned and B. microleucurum is excluded S. Hughes. This species has been registered

because of its eﬀuse colonies and diﬀerent septation many times in Asia and Europe, mainly on

of conidia.

bark and wood of diﬀerent trees, and also on

Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary, another submerged wood in salt water from mangroves

coelomycete, is also considered an odd genus. Close (Ellis, 1971; Matsushima, 1975; Yurchenko, 2001;

to Harknessia Cooke, the major morphological Jones & Vrijmoed, 2003; Abbas & Sobia, 2008).

diﬀerences between both genera lie in conidial Other species of the genus have been previously

features. According to phylogenetic studies (Xavier recorded in the continent in Argentina (Godeas

et al., 2019), Dwiroopa stands as the only member & Arambarri, 2007), in Brazil (Wellbaum et al.,

of the family Dwiroopaceae (Diaporthales). From 1999) and in Chile (Minter & Peredo López,

the three known species in the genus, two are 2006).

pathogens (D. lythri and D. punicae), while that

reported here, D. ramya, is considered a saprophyte species constitutes another infrequent record, as

Farr & Rossman, 2003; Xavier et al., 2019). Taking these have been described and, up to now, just

Finally, the ﬁnding of a mitosporic Pycnopeziza

(

into account that as D. lythri, D. ramya had been known from the northern hemisphere. No species

previously found only once, this constitutes the had been previously recorded in the southern

second world record of the species. The range of hemisphere nor from a woody substratum (Farr,

distribution of the genus is thus expanded to South 1973; Iturriaga & Minter, 2006; Minter & Peredo

America on a newly recorded host.

López, 2006; Minter & Silva, 2007), so far this is

Although considered cosmopolite, the the ﬁrst record of the genus for the Neotropical

hyphomycete Gilmaniella G.L. Barron seems to region and on wood. Most of Pycnopeziza species

be rare in South America, being known only from grow on herbaceous substrata (buds, petioles and

Argentina and Brazil. Godeas et al. (1977) isolated decaying leaves), just one species was described

G. humicola G.L. Barron from soil, Mendes et al. as parasitic on lichens from Canada (Ihlen, 1998).

(

1998) reported an indeterminate species of the genus However, without giving an explanation, Johnston

on Glycine max L. and Pseudobombax munguba et al. (2014) doubt the belonging of this species

Mart. & Zucc.) Dugand and now, with the ﬁnding in the genus. When the principle “one fungus

(

of G. multiporosa, these are the unique published one name” was accepted and sanctioned in the

records for the continent (Farr, 1973; Grandi & Code of Nomenclature (Turland et al., 2018),

Silva, 2006; Iturriaga & Minter, 2006; Minter the separate naming of mitosporic and sexual

&

Peredo López, 2006; Minter & Silva, 2007). states ended. Several changes were necessarily

Initially monospeciﬁc, the genus now comprises introduced and several fungal names changed.

eight species: G. bambuseae Umali, Goh & K. D. The specimen here described represents a good

Hyde from bamboo, G. indica R.K. Dubey, A.N. example for this subject. It is a mitosporic state,

Rai, S. Shrivast. & N.K. Verma on living leaves which in the past was named Acarosporium Bubák

of Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex & Vleugel. That genus comprised four species, all

Guill. & Perr., G. multiporosa, G. nyukfahii Goh, considered to represent the anamorphic state of

L.L. Lee & K.C. Teo from dung, G. subornata Pycnopeziza. Although the name of the anamorph

Morinaga, Minoura & Udagawa from soil, G. had priority since it was introduced earlier,

thermophila M. Qureshi & J.H. Mirza from dung, Johnston et al. (2014) proposed Pycnopeziza to be

G. humicola (type species) on dung and soil and G. protected against Acarosporium, and synonymized

punctiformis Sivan. & B. Sutton from burned leaves Acarosporium under Pycnopeziza because this

(

Barron, 1964; Morinaga et al., 1978; Qureshi & last has available sequence data and the name

Mizra, 1983; Sivanesan & Sutton, 1985; Umali et al., was widely used (Holst-Jensen et al., 1997, 2004;

998; Dubey et al., 2011; Goh et al., 2013). Pärtel et al., 2017; Wijayawardene et al., 2017).

1

499

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 58 (4) 2023

However, lacking molecular sequences for the bibliograPhy

asexual morph, the relationship of these two

genera still remains uncertain. Currently the genus ABBAS, S. & M. SOBIA. 2008. Addition to mycoﬂora

comprises ﬁve species: P. americana (Nag Raj)

W.J. Li & K.D. Hyde, P. pachyderma (Rehm) W.L.

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6: 57-61.

White & Whetzel, P. quisquilaris, P. sejournei ABBAS, S. & B. SUTTON. 1988. An addition to

(

Boud.) Whetzel & W.L. White and P. sympodialis

Bubák & Vleugel ex Bubák) W.L. White &

Avettaea (Coelomycetes) from Pakistan. Trans. Br.

Mycol. Soc. 90: 491-494.

Whetzel (White & Whetzel, 1938; Whetzel &

White, 1940; Li et al., 2020).

Numbers of species of the Kingdom Fungi are

under constant revision, and ﬁgures could vary

BARR, M. 1978. Herbarium-The New York Botanical

Garden. Available in: https://sweetgum.nybg.

org/science/vh/specimen-details/?irn=4013590

[Accessed on: June 2023]

among authors but there is a general consensus BARRON, G. 1964. A new genus of the Hyphomycetes

that published species represent just a small

from soil. Mycologia 56: 514-518.

fraction of total fungal diversity (Phukhamsakda BATISTA, A., J. BEZERRA & G. PERES. 1965.

et al., 2022). Even in the most explored regions,

Vonarxella e outros novos ascomycetos. Riv. Patol.

the addition of new records goes hand in hand with

Veg. Pavia Ser. 4: 61-69.

making new collections. Argentina does not escape BERMUDEZ, G. & P. LINDEMANN-MATTHIES.

this reality, and despite having a long tradition in

mycological studies, the immensity of its territory

in addition to the small number of specialists in

2020. “What matters is species richness”-high

school students’ understanding of the components of

biodiversity. Res. Sci. Educ. 50: 2159-2187.

some groups conspires so knowledge of its fungal BERTONATTI, C. & J. CORCUERA. 2000. Situación

diversity is far from being complete. It is hoped

that all data provided here, besides being useful to

ambiental argentina 2000. 2ª ed. Fundación Vida

Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires.

help future collectors in the identiﬁcation of newly BIANCHINOTTI, M. 1993. Contribución al

collected specimens, will stimulate to continue

performing exploratory studies in a vast, rich and

still understudied area.

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acKnowledgementS

To Mario Rajchenberg, Alina Greslebin and

María Belén Pildaín for sharing their knowledge

about the sampling areas and their time in every

collection trip. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones

CientíﬁcasyTecnológicasandUniversidadNacional BIOTA OF NEW ZEALAND. 2023. Manaaki Whenua.

del Sur for ﬁnancial support, and the National Parks

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