TradiTional ecological Knowledge in Sierra de andía

(

navarre, SPain), and iTS aPPlicabiliTy for naTure

conServaTion

conocimienTo ecológico Tradicional en la Sierra de andía

(

navarra, eSPaña) y Su aPlicabilidad Para la conServación de la

naTuraleza

1

1,2

& Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana *

Luis Gorriz

Summary

Background and aims: In the current context of global biodiversity loss, consensus

is growing about the importance of incorporating Traditional Ecological Knowledge

in nature conservation. However, efforts with this concern have mainly focused on

indigenous cultures. In this scenario we chose Sierra de Andía, a Spanish Red

Natura Site with ancient grazelands where pastoral management shifts could be

leading into a conservation issue. In this context, this study aims to contribute

to the valorisation and applicability of traditional ecological knowledge from an

industrialized country, by using it to identify problematics and propose management

solutions for the site.

1

.

Departamento de Biología

(

Botánica), Universidad Autónoma

de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Centro de Investigación en

Biodiversidad y Cambio Global

C I B C - UA M ) , U n i v e rs i d a d

2

.

(

Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid,

Spain.

M&M: In order to discover traditional knowledge that could be beneﬁcial for

conservation management of Sierra de Andía, we interviewed informants about

Chamaemelum nobile (a popular medicinal plant closely dependant on grazing

pastures) and conducted a pilot vegetation survey about the species.

Results: Informants showed deep knowledge about the plant and provided ecological

indicators to locate best populations and understand its recent evolution. While

there are multiple coincidences between traditional and scientiﬁc knowledge, new

information only mentioned by interviewees also arose. For instance, rain scarcity at

the end of the summer was considered as a probable threat for C. nobile blooming.

Conclusions: This study suggests that local ecological knowledge is accurate,

contrastable, and can be applied for a more sustainable management of grazing

pastures of Sierra de Andía.

*

manuel.pardo@uam.es

Citar este artículo

& M. Pardo-de-

SAꢀꢁAꢂAꢀA. 2021. ꢁraditional

ecological knowledge in Sierra

de Andía (ꢀavarre, Spain),

and its applicability for nature

cꢀnsꢁꢂvꢃꢄꢀn. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot.

Gorriz, L.

56: 93-111.

DOI: https://doi.

org/10.31055/1851.2372.v56.

n1.32299

Key wordS

Chamaemelum nobile, sustainable comanagement, traditional ecological knowledge.

reSumen

Introducción y objetivos: En un contexto de crisis de biodiversidad global, existe

un consenso cientíﬁco y político creciente acerca de la importancia de incorporar

el Conocimiento Ecológico Tradicional para la conservación de la naturaleza. Sin

embargo, dichosesfuerzossehancentradoenculturasindígenas. Enesteescenario

elegimos la Sierra de Andía, un espacio de la Red Natura en España caracterizado

por sus antiguos pastos ganaderos, cuyos cambios de gestión recientes podrían

conllevar problemáticas para su conservación. En este escenario, el estudio busca

contribuir a la valorización y la aplicabilidad del conocimiento ecológico tradicional

de un país industrializado, utilizándolo para localizar problemáticas y proponer

soluciones de manejo en un área concreta.

M&M: Con el ﬁn de descubrir el conocimiento tradicional que pudiera ser beneﬁcioso

para el manejo y conservación de la Sierra de Andía, se realizaron entrevistas

acerca de Chamaemelum nobile (una popular planta medicinal ligada a estos

pastos ganaderos) y se llevó a cabo un estudio de campo sobre la especie.

Resultados: Los informantes mostraron un profundo conocimiento sobre la planta,

y proveyeron indicadores ecológicos con los que localizar las poblaciones más

abundantes y comprender su evolución reciente. A la vez que encontramos

numerosas coincidencias entre el conocimiento ecológico tradicional y el cientíﬁco,

también surgió información exclusiva de los informantes.

Recibido: 28 Feb 2021

Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el conocimiento ecológico tradicional

aportado es preciso, contrastable, y puede ser utilizado para un manejo sostenible

de los pastos en la Sierra de Andía.

Aceptado: 22 Mar 2021

Publicado impreso: 31 Mar 2021

eꢅꢆtꢀꢂꢃ: Nꢀꢂmꢃ Hꢆlgꢁꢂt

PalabraS clave

Chamaemelum nobile, conocimiento ecológico tradicional, cogestión sostenible.

ISSꢀ versión impresa 0373-580X

ISSꢀ versión on-line 1851-2372

93

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

inTroducTion

(Moller et al., 2004). Unfortunately, TEK use in

conservation has mainly been focused on indigenous

During the last decades, human impact on the communities of developing countries such as in Latin

planet has quickly increased, leading to a quick America, leading to a lack of studies in rural areas

disappearing of species that is being considered of more industrialized countries, where some locals

the sixth big extinction event of the earth (Pimm still preserve this wisdom (Hernández-Morcillo et

&

Raven, 2000; Thomas et al., 2004; IPBES, al., 2014; Aswani et al., 2018). This phenomena

2018). Due to this biodiversity crisis, conservation happens in Spain, where despite the tradition in

efforts and sustainable management are becoming ethnobotanical research (Bonet, 1994; Morales et

increasingly urgent, especially in those hotspots al., 2011), only few studies have tried to empirically

where living organisms are particularly threatened link TEK with nature conservation (Reyes-García,

and diverse (Reid, 1998; Myers et al., 2000). In 2009; Benítez et al., 2010), leading to a requirement

this context, a growing consensus exists about of studies that provide evidence of the relevance of

the relevance of including traditional ecological ethnobotanical knowledge for a more sustainable

knowledge (TEK) as a source of information for nature management. In this context we ﬁnd Sierra de

nature management and decision making (United Andía, a Spanish Red Natura site characterized by

Nations, 1992; Gadgil et al., 1993; Drew & Henne, its ancient grazelands which, regarding nearby local

2006; Shackeroff & Campbell, 2007; Guadilla-Sáez people, are suffering quick management shifts that

et al., 2019). could pose a conservation issue. With this regard,

The term “TEK”, has been traditionally deﬁned as there is a need to assess these problematics and

“a cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief, propose management solutions for the area based on

evolving from adaptive processes and handed down locals TEK, and therefore giving evidence about its

through generations by cultural transmission, about value in nature conservation plans. To do so, it could

the relationship of living beings (including humans) be especially convenient to use well known wild

with one another and with their environment” (Berkes species by informants, as some could act as ecological

et al., 2000). However, more recent deﬁnitions regard indicators of their habitats. Despite the deep erosion

TEK not only as an accumulation of knowledge, but of TEK (Ramirez, 2007), there are still some species

as a dynamic body that both allows adaptation and such as Roman chamomile [Chamaemelum nobile

cocreates new realities on socio-ecological systems (L.) All. Anthemis nobilis L.] which locals still gather

(Gómez-Baggethun & Reyes-García, 2013). Several and know (Pardo-de-Santayana & Morales, 2010;

studies have shown that TEK can give useful and Blanco-Salas et al., 2018).

complementary information to scientists, as well

Chamaemelum nobile is ordinarily called

as acting as a way of engaging communities in manzanilla amarga, manzanilla ﬁna or manzanilla

conservation efforts, improving co-governance and de monte in Spain (Pardo-de-Santayana & Morales,

reinforcing resilience of socio-ecological systems 2010). It is an herbaceous plant with a perennial

(

2

&

Drew, 2005; Houde, 2007; Ruiz-Mallén & Corbera, rhizome and alternate tri-pinnatisect leaves, that

013; Hernández-Morcillo et al., 2014; Ludwig generally creeps on the ground depending on cattle

Macnaghten, 2020). This collaborative decision pressure over the pasture. By the end of the summer

making and complementary knowledge approach (from late July to September), C. nobile produces

Scientiﬁc + TEK), has been performed in several solitary erect stalks with ﬂower heads composed

(

studies around the world (Newmaster et al., 2011; of outer white ray-ﬂorets and yellow inner ﬂorets,

Gadamus et al., 2015; Tomasini & Theilade, 2019). which remind to daisy inﬂorescences (Al-Snaﬁ,

In the case of plants, Tomasini & Theilade (2019) 2016) (Fig. 1). Chamaemelum nobile mainly grows

performed a study in Prespa National Park (Albania), in western Europe (Spain, Portugal, UK, France

where locals granted useful local ecological indicators and Ireland) and Northern Africa (Morocco and

for a better management of the site. These and other Algeria), inhabiting seasonally wet grasslands,

studies demonstrate the utility of collecting TEK in where the presence of cattle inhibits competition

conservation projects, as an essential tool for a better from other plant species (Blanco-Salas et. al., 2018;

management and protection of natural areas, as it can Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, 2021).

be a cheap, broad, long time and inclusive method Roman chamomile is widely used in its distribution

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L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

Fig. 1. Chamaemelum nobile.

areas, being even grown and sold commercially selected C. nobile as a source of TEK in order

in many countries (e.g, Germany, France, Egypt to promote effective and inclusive sustainable

or Argentina). It is usually consumed as an herbal management measures in Sierra de Andía, a Red

tea for dyspepsia, nausea or menstrual disorders, Natura mountain tableland with extent grazelands

and its infusion is used to clean wounds, infected located in Northern Spain (Navarre) (MITECO,

eyes or against earache (EMA, 2011). Moreover, 2015), where quick socio-economical changes

the plant has been proved to be a promising herbal and management shifts could be leading to a

drug due to its safety and effectiveness over several conservation issue.

body processes (Al-Snaﬁ, 2016), which explains

To achieve this goal, here we present the following

its current and past popularity (Blanco-Salas et. al., speciﬁc objectives:

2

018).

1. Compiling traditional ecological knowledge

about C. nobile (ecology, habitat, population

shifts, threats, sustainable gathering techniques,

etc.).

In Spain, especially in northern regions such

as Navarre, many people enjoy its characteristic

bitter ﬂavour, which they claim to prefer over the

chamomiles available in supermarkets, bars and 2. Comparing TEK conclusions with ﬁeld vegetation

restaurants (Matricaria chamomilla L.), so wild observations and bibliography.

gathering of the plant is still preserved (Pardo-de- 3. Merging both TEK and scientiﬁc knowledge and

Santayana & Morales, 2010). Unfortunately, deep

changes in agropastoral systems in several countries

of Europe have led to less intensive grazing, pasture

loss, and according to local people to a decline in

developing proposals for a better management of

C. nobile and its habitat, and therefore highlighting

TEK’s utility.

We hypothesize that there is coincidence

C. nobile populations. This phenomena has been between both types of wisdom since both are based

mentioned in Spain (Barandiarán et al., 1990), and on experimental knowledge and deep observation.

is particular remarkable in other European territories Besides, as TEK is based on locally social and

such as UK, where grazeland abandonment has environmental conditions, we also hypothesize that

markedly diminished C. nobile abundance (Botanical it is essential for designing long term successful

Society of Britain and Ireland, 2021).

management, since scientiﬁc knowledge may be

Given its popularity among locals in northern based in generalizations that are not adapted for

Spain, and its tight link with grazing pastures, we speciﬁc sites.

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Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

maTerialS and meThodS

Population in Valle de Ollo is scattered in nine small

villages. It has quickly declined in the last 150 years,

going from 1186 inhabitants in 1857 to a minimum

Description of the site

The present study was performed in Sierra of 316 in the year 1991, due to deep social changes

de Andía, a mountain tableland located in the and countryside abandonment. After that, neo-rural

centre-west of Navarre (northern Spain) (Fig. 2), population has arrived, incrementing the population

where local people have traditionally gathered C. to 421 inhabitants by 2019 (Instituto de Estadística

nobile. We interviewed inhabitants from the nearby de Navarra, 1991; Instituto Nacional de Estadística,

municipality of Valle de Ollo, at 504 masl and 2020).

located 22 km west from the capital of the region

ThisareaisinthetransitionoftheMediterraneanand

(Pamplona). Traditionally, the main activity of the Eurosiberian biogeographic zones, with precipitations

site has been shepherding, complemented with of about 1100 mm/year, and mean temperatures of 11º

dry land crops growing, such as barley, wheat, C. Quercus rotundifolia Lam. forests grow in the sunny

and oats. In 1984, something more than half of the and driest lowlands, whereas Quercus pubescens

population (54%), was dedicated to stockbreeding Willd. dominate deeper and humid locations. As we go

(

Gran Enciclopedia de Navarra, 1990). However, up (700 ~ 1100 m), beech forests of Fagus sylvatica

nowadays jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors L. appear, and they are ﬁnally replaced by the high

production, tourism) predominate. According grazing pastures of Sierra de Andía on the top of

(

to Instituto de Estadística de Navarra (2021), the tableland (Gran Enciclopedia de Navarra, 1990;

predominant jobs are from service sector (108), WFO, 2021). In these grasslands, over 12 different

followed by industry (30), agriculture (16) and pastures types have been identiﬁed, ﬁve of them cited

construction (10).

as “community interest habitats” (Berasategui et al.,

Fig. 2. Sierra de Andía; location and appearance.

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L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

2011; MITECO, 2015). Within these pastures, we with informants; (2) a pilot vegetation sampling survey

can ﬁnd sandstone-substrate sites where abundant of the plant in the grazelands of Sierra de Andía;

seasonal precipitation washes the nutrients from the and (3) a complementary bibliographic review. The

soil, leading to certain acidiﬁcation. It is here were the later was used both to complement the ﬁeld study,

therophitic-acidophilous community of Helianthemion and to gather information about current management

guttati Braun Blanq. 1940 develops (Pérez-Prieto practices in Sierra de Andía, so as to compare it with

&

Font, 2005), and where C. nobile, is often found the appreciations of the informants and make a ﬁnal

(López-Fernández, 1970). According to the Spanish management proposal for C. nobile and its habitat.

habitat directives, the plant is also associated with

diverse Nardus spp. grasslands over siliceous substrate a) TEK (semi-structured interviews)

(Code: 6230) (MITECO, 2020). All of these pastures

Traditional ecological knowledge about C.

and adjoining forests, which had been utilised by nobile was collected from July to August 2019,

transhumant and local shepherds since centuries ago by interviewing locals that were recommended by

(Fig. 3A) (Garayo-Urruela et al., 1996), also preserve inhabitants in the area as they were people with

a great importance due to its biodiversity, containing deep experiential knowledge about the plant. After

species of interest such as the grey partridge (Perdix contacting the first key informants, we used the

perdix L., 1758), the bearded vulture (Gypaetus “Snowball Method” (Handcock & Gile, 2011) in order

barbatus L., 1758), and the alpine newt (Ichtyosaura to recruit the rest of the interviewees. We only selected

alpestris Lau., 1768), which inhabits grazing ponds inhabitants that still gathered the plant yearly or have

created by shepherds (Gobierno de Navarra, 2010) collected it frequently during their lives, and therefore

(Fig. 3B). All these natural and cultural values, as well preserved TEK. In order to deﬁne sample size, we

as other ecosystem services have put Sierra de Andía used the law of diminishing returns; i.e., once new

and the adjoining Sierra de Urbasa in the focus of information was not appearing and it was conﬁrmed by

conservation plans, leading to the creation of Sierra de several interviews, we stopped adding new participants

Urbasa yAndía Natural Park in 1997 with the resulting (Martin, 2004). Moreover, we noted that new contacts

management plans (Boletín Oﬁcial de Navarra, 1996, recommended by last informants had already been

2001; Boletín Oﬁcial del Estado, 1997).

interviewed.

We performed a total of 10 consented interviews,

with a mean age of 80 years, from locals that had lived

Data collection

In order to reach our goals, we merged data tightly linked to surrounding natural resources. Besides

from three different sources: (1) semi-structured interviews next to informants’ homes, four ﬁeld trips

ethnobotanical interviews about C. nobile, were we to collection sites with participants were conducted

collected TEK in the villages and during ﬁeld trips (Martin, 2004). Most participants (80%) had herded

Fig. 3. Sierra de Andía. A: Ancient shepherd’s cabins. B: Artiﬁcial grazing ponds, where Ichthyosaura

alpestris inhabits.

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Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

cattle in their youth and infancy across Sierra deAndía, mentioned during the interviews, making observations

and preserved deep understanding of grazelands. The about the abundance and location of the plant.

reason why no women were interviewed during this Following informant’s advice, we also measured

study is that, even though they knew the applications weight (g) and height (cm from ﬂoor to the base of the

and uses of the plant, there were men who recollected receptacle) from two groups of 50 inﬂorescences; one

and spent more time in the habitat of C. nobile while from inside a pond’s fence (non-accessible to cattle),

herding the cattle, and therefore had developed deeper and other from outside (accessible to cattle). We

ecological knowledge.

Firstly, we asked the interviewees broad questions ecological details of C. nobile as we visited the sites.

about Sierra deAndía pastures, so as to encourage them After coming by main recollection spots in Sierra

also observed and recorded visible threats and other

to share those topics that they considered of interest. de Andía, we chose a popular harvesting site (60%

This helped us to have into account local’s perspective mentioned it) with elevated soil humidity and sunken

and better design or create some of the questions of the terrain, which had a high abundance of inﬂorescences.

subsequent interview.After this, informants were asked In this area we placed three different plots, each of

about the local names of C. nobile, its morphological them representative of a combination of traditional

characteristics, how it was recognised, its blooming indicators used by informants (orography, grass

period, recollection technique, preparation and use, colour, bush presence and erosion) (Table 1; Table 2).

gathering sites and their abundance, population trends, Each plot was 7 x 20 m, as these measures were the

threats for the plant and ﬁnally, we encouraged them ones that best ﬁtted with terrain and local indicators.

to propose management measures for C. nobile and To demarcate them, we used four stakes joined by

its habitat. In addition to this, we paid special attention cords (Fig. 4A). In each plot, traditional indicators

to all ecological indicators used by informants during predicted a negative or positive impact over C. nobile

the interviews, as they were the basis to perform the abundance. To assess traditional indicators accuracy,

following vegetation survey.

we measured C. nobile coverture inside each plot.

Other variables such as the number of blooms per

area, the number of individuals and the number

b) Scientiﬁc measurements (vegetation survey)

In order to compare local ecological indicators of of cut ﬂowers were also quantiﬁed. Once the plot

informants, and to assess if they were contrastable was delimited, we measured the variables inside by

and complimentary with scientiﬁc measurements, performing eleven equidistant transects, each 10 cm

we performed a preliminary ﬁeld vegetation study wide (Fig. 4B). The number of transects per plot

in one of the most common recollection sites during was chosen using the “Promedio corrido” method,

the ﬂowering season of the plant (August-September a representative number for measuring coverage

2

020). First, we visited the recollection spots (Mostacedo & Fredericksen, 2000).

Fig. 4. Vegetation survey with plots. A: plot’s dimensions, adjusted to terrain indicators. B: Sampling

coverture with equidistant transects.

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L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

Table 1. Ecological indicators used by informants, in order to predict ﬂowering abundance of C. nobile.

Indicator

Predicted impacts on ﬂowering

Several days of abundant rains during the Abundant blooming, 4 to 10 days after rainfall.

second half of august

Rain

Little rain during the second half of august

Scarce blooming

Days between Virgen de Agosto (15/8) and Potential blooming

Virgen de Septiembre (15/9)

Festivities

Other dates

Rare blooming

Depressed zones of terrain (Hoyadas) and ﬂat Enhances ﬂowering abundance

areas

Terrain topography

Sloping terrain

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Enhances ﬂowering abundance

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Enhances ﬂowering abundance

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Enhances ﬂowering abundance

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Enhances ﬂowering abundance

Dark green

Grass colour

Soil erosion

Soil depth

Light green, or not green

Low

High

Deep soils, rich in organic matter

Short rocky soils

Bush absence

Bush growth

Bush presence

Yes

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Enhances ﬂowering abundance

Perjudicial for ﬂowering abundance

Nearby ponds

No (Far away)

Table 2. Indicators present in each plot of the vegetation survey.

Plot

1

2

3

x

Terrain topography: Flat

Grass colour: Dark green

Bush growth: Absence

Soil erosion: Low

x

Enhances ﬂowering

x

Indicator

Terrein topography: Slope

Grass colour: Light green, or yellowish

Bush growth: Presence

Soil erosion: High

Perjudicial to ﬂowering

x

In order to complement the ﬁeld study, we reviewed c) Knowledge resemblance and integrated proposals

literature about C. nobile and its habitat, looking to After compiling informants TEK and performing

ﬁnd differences or similitudes between informant’s the vegetation survey, we reviewed pre-existing

knowledge and scientiﬁc results. Main key words used literature regarding C. nobile ecology, threats, and

in this search were “Chamaemelum nobile”, “Anthemis management (pasture management) (Boletín Oﬁcial

nobilis” and “Ecology”, and main browser applied was de Navarra, 1996, 2001; Boletín Oﬁcial del Estado,

Google Scholar.

1997; Sección de Gestión Forestal, 2009, 2011, 2017).

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Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

Main key words used were: Chamaemelum nobile amount is needed to prepare the infusion.

&

Ecology / Pasture ecology / Management pastures

shepherding. With this, we performed a comparison

Flowering: To delimit the blooming period of the

between traditional wisdom (from informants) and plant, informants made use of festivities (80%); “it

th

scientiﬁc knowledge (from literature and the ﬁeld ﬂowers between August Virgin (15 ) and September

th

survey), allowing us to assess knowledge resemblance Virgin (15 )”. Moreover, some of them (30%)

between both.

mentioned that the plant’s abundance is tightly linked

After the aforementioned, last part of the study to precipitation during this period. They speciﬁed that

aimed to reach some ﬁnal conclusions for a better “if it doesn´t rain enough during those days, the plant

sustainable management of C. nobile and its pastoral will not ﬂower until the next year”. If it rains enough,

ecosystem, by merging all scientiﬁc and traditional though, “it ﬂowers all over”. In the year of the present

knowledge. Final management proposals can be study, interviewees predicted a low ﬂowering due to

checked at the end of discussion.

the scarce rains at the end of the summer.

Population location and abundance: Informants

agreed that most abundant C. nobile populations were

located in the grazing pastures of Sierra de Andía,

concretely in the proximity of the artiﬁcial ponds made

reSulTS

TEK; semi-structured interviews

Local names: Informants referred to C. nobile by shepherds, where terrain is depressed and moisture

with two different names: manzanilla ﬁna (delicate levels are higher.

chamomile) and manzanilla de los altos (mountain

chamomile). It is interesting to note that the term ﬁna

Traditional ecological indicators: During

was used as an appreciative epithet, meaning that the interviews, informants alluded to different local

plant was better and stronger in chemical compounds indicators about the ecology of the plant to locate and

than Anthemis arvensis L., a morphologically similar predict its ﬂowering and abundance. Most popular

and well-known medicinal plant in the area which indicators were rain (100%) and ﬁeld topography

informantscalledwiththepejorativeepithetmanzanilla (50%) (Table 1).

basta (coarse chamomile).

Population changes and threats: Even though

Gathering, preparation and applications: interviewees were aware of a variety of short-period

Informants explained that, to gather the plant, it is only threats for C. nobile, there was not a clear consensus

necessary to take the inﬂorescences without damaging about how the whole plant populations in Sierra de

the vegetative part, therefore facilitating following Andía had evolved in the long-term period of 50 years.

year blooming. To prepare the plant, inﬂorescences are Some informants said that populations might have

dehydrated during several days on paper or absorbent decreased due to quick changes in cattle management

surface, in a close and dry place. Once dried, it is (40%), whereas others mentioned that they hadn’t

possible to store them in a hermetic pot during long perceived any appreciable changes (30%). One of

periods of time until they are used. To do so, infusion them even claimed that “nowadays the plant is more

was the only preparation method mentioned (100%), abundant because recollection has decreased”. The

while some people added a splash of anise liqueur for rest of informants didn’t know what to answer to this

improving its ﬂavour (30%). Once prepared, it has question (20%). However, a considerable number of

a variety of applications; it is used as analgesic for them assured that, independently to C. nobile’s trends,

stomachandheadpain(100%), favoursbodyrelaxation quick management changes in the pastures of Sierra

(40%), helps releasing stomachal air in calves when de Andía and Valle de Ollo had happened in the last

they overgraze (20%) and reduces local inﬂammation decades (40%). Moreover, informants were aware

in wounds when applied as poultice (10%). Informants about a variety of threats that could negatively impact

highlighted that only a few inﬂorescences per glass the plant. These were usually mentioned regarding

are needed. They explained that, when compared to speciﬁc sites, such as two recollection spots inside

A. arvensis, C. nobile contains higher concentration Valle de Ollo were C. nobile was next to disappear

of active compounds in the inﬂorescences, so a lower (30%). Six main threats mentioned were: rain scarcity,

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L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

grazing abandonment, soil erosion, cattle increase,

over-recollection and pasture overgrazing (Fig. 5).

(30%). Moreover, they highlighted that wet soils

are particularly vulnerable to this process (30%),

especially in the proximity of cattle ponds, depressed

terrains and during rainy months of the year.

a) Rain scarcity: Most informants (70%), mentioned

precipitation shortage during flowering period d) Bigger cattle increase: Some informants said that

as one of the main factors affecting ﬂowering

abundance yearly. Even though they couldn’t

confirm any long-term effect over the plant’s

populations, they were sure it was the main driving

factor affecting annual blooming of the plant. Some

other quotes related to rainfall patterns of the area in

the long term were “Pastures didn’t dry that much

some decades ago, and they used to remain greenish

even at the end of the summer”, or “nowadays,

climate changes quicker and more abruptly”.

cattle type in Sierra de Andía had been altered in the

last decades; from big herds of minor cattle (mainly

sheep), towards predominance of bigger cattle

(horses and cows). They explained that both horses

and cows, which are heavier, generate a higher

impact over the ﬁeld by trampling and mowing.

Additionally, they highlighted that there has been a

progressive loss in the caring of cattle, which could

induce changes in the pasture ecosystem (40%).

e) Over-recollection: Even though interviewees agreed

that gathering pressure has declined over the

last decades, two of them (20%) mentioned that

overexploitation may occur in those sites that are

particularly popular.

b) Grazing abandonment: Other threat that was

cited several times by informants was shrub and

grass overgrowth due to cattle cease and pasture

abandonment (40%). In fact, a speciﬁc area was

cited by one of the informants were pasture (and f) Temporal over-grazing: According to some, (20%),

therefore C. nobile) had almost disappeared due to

loss of ovine shepherding.

c) Soil degradation: Some of the interviewees

mentioned that excessive trampling over the soil

can disrupt the terrain leading to decline of C. nobile

grazing period length in Sierra de Andía pastures

has increased over the last decades. Traditionally,

shepherds would take their cattle back to the

villages by 25 of July. However, nowadays cattle

spends much more time in the high pastures due

th

Fig. 5. Threats for C. nobile, according to informants.

101

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

to socio-economical changes and better climatic d) Avoiding cattle over wet soils: Informants proposed

conditions.

two ways of protecting wet soils from cattle

trampling; on the one hand by fencing artiﬁcial

ponds, so cattle could not reach their shores and

disrupt the soil (20%). On the other hand, by

removing cattle from valuable soils during the rainy

months of autumn and spring (20%).

Management proposals: When asked about

possible management actions that could beneﬁt C.

nobile and the pasture ecosystem, unexpectedly,

interviewees didn’t mention harvesting control as an

important measurement to avoid overexploitation, as

they considered other factors like precipitations to Scientiﬁc measurements: vegetation survey

have much stronger effect in population abundance. After visiting popular recollection sites along Sierra

Finally, they pointed out several proposals related to de Andía during the ﬂowering period of C. nobile, we

cattle management:

appreciated a low inﬂorescence abundance of the plant,

comparing to previous descriptions of informants

a) Favouring sheep and goat livestock: Interviewees about abundant years. According to interviewees,

repeated several times the signiﬁcance of limiting favourable years are distinguished by conspicuous

beef cattle and equines and promoting sheep blooming of the plant all over propitious locations.

and goats, and therefore maintaining traditional Flowering abundance during these years was described

livestock proportions (50%). Bigger cattle was as “it blooms all around” or “everything becomes

described as highly erosive and more difﬁcult white with ﬂowers”. Although being a qualitative

to control, something that favours pasture comparison, observations during this study at main

abandonment and overexploitation of desirable recollections spots through ﬂowering period, showed

locations.

that blooming abundance was much lower than

b) Avoid grazing abandonment and shrub growth: compared to “abundant years”. This was conﬁrmed

Informants mentioned the importance of by informants by previous predictions; “it might not

maintaining the pasture thanks to cattle presence bloom a lot this year, because it has not rain enough”,

(

20%). In addition to this, they pointed out as well as direct appreciations by two of them in the

the relevance of shepherds, who favour cattle ﬁeld. Only in sunken areas or in the proximity of

movement and avoid free livestock concentration cattle ponds we could observe higher inﬂorescence

among most appealing sites.

c) Limiting grazing duration: Informants mentioned

abundance.

After making these general observations, height

that removing cattle from the high pastures of and weight of two groups of 60 inﬂorescences were

Sierra deAndía before the end of the summer could measured, one from inside and other from outside a

have beneﬁts for the plant and its habitat, as it pond’s fence. Average height was ﬁve times higher

enhances grazeland regeneration with late-summer inside than outside (Inside; 8.16 cm, outside; 1.54

rainfall (20%).

cm), and average weight was 1.4 times greater (Inside;

Fig. 6. C. nobile weight and height comparison from inside and outside a pond’s fence.

102

L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

Table 3. Knowledge resemblance with two different approaches; traditional (TEK), and scientiﬁc.

Abreviations = ~: broad coincidence; : coincidence; x: disagreement; −: no information.

Approach

Knowledge

SCIENTIFIC

ARTICLE REVIEW

TEK

FIELD STUDY

~

Flowering from 15th august

to 15th september

(

Pardo de Santayana & Morales,

2

010; Al-Snaﬁ, 2016)

Blooming is tightly linked to

summer-end rainfall

−



Habitat: grazing pastures



(López-Fernández, 1970;

Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)

Habitat: proximity of artiﬁcial



ponds and humid soils

(Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)



Habitat: Depressed zones of terrain

Ecology

(

Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)

Habitat: linked to “dark green pasture”

Habitat: Deep soils, rich in organic matter



−

Better growth with lower

grazing pressure (fences)



−

-

(Stroh, 2015)



Linked to winter wet soils

(

López-Fernández, 1970; Stroh, 2015)

Grows in slightly acidic soils

Lopez-Fernández, 1970)

-

(

Grows within a therophitic community

-

(López-Fernández, 1970)

~

Trampling in wet soils



(

Marlow & Pogacnick, 1985)



Grazing abandonment (shrub growth)

(

Stroh, 2015; Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)

Rain scarcity (at the end of the summer)

Senior cattle increase

−



Excesive grazing and trampling pressure

Over-recollection



−

(

Stroh, 2015)



(

Pardo de Santayana et al., 2018)

Threats

~

Excesive length of grazing period

−

(

Aguirre - Pérez de Eulate, 2011)



Negatively affected by artiﬁcial fertilizers

−

(

Stroh, 2015)

Temperature changes

−

Artiﬁcial drainage of the soil

Stroh, 2015; Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)

−

(

Use of broad-spectrum pesticides

−

(Stroh, 2015)

Habitat poughing

−

(Stroh, 2015)



Avoiding grazing abandonment

Favouring minor cattle

Limiting grazing period duration

Avoiding cattle over wet soils

(

Stroh, 2015; Blanco-Salas et al., 2018)

~

Management

proposals

(Molnár et al., 2020)



~

Aguirre - Pérez de Eulate, 2011)



(

Stroh, 2015)

103

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

0.078 g, outside; 0.056 g) (Fig. 6). T student test for scientific information (field survey and literature

two samples showed signiﬁcance difference between review) (Table 3), shows how multiple coincidence

them (α/2 = 0,005, lib. value= 98), both for weight arises between them. In addition to this, both ways of

and height. Moreover, informants were aware about knowledge seem to complement each other in certain

these differences as they suggested recollection inside topics, even if approaching the same ecosystem in

pond’s fences, due to bigger growth of C. nobile a very different manner. For instance, speciﬁc and

thanks to lower cattle pressure.

accurate data requires particular methodologies only

By quantifying coverage by transects, we could available from a scientiﬁc approach. However, broader

appreciate that plot 1, which had the most favourable topics like long term changes in the ecosystem, local

traditional indicators, had the highest C. nobile observations, and an integrated vision of the area

coverage (34.58%), whereas plots 2 and 3, which had is often easier to obtain from those who inhabit the

one or more negative indicators, showed much lower territory. This aspect has already been mentioned

values (2.24% and 4% respectively).

by several authors and is one of the arguments that

supports the use of traditional knowledge for a

Knowledge resemblance and integrated management better management of natural resources (Baker &

proposals

After comparing both informants’ management

Community Mutitjulu, 1992).

Apart from these broad arguments, merging both

proposals with ﬁeld survey and the literature (Table traditional and scientiﬁc knowledge has provided, for

), we found multiple coincidence between them. this pilot study, with the following advantages:

3

Many ecological facts about the plant, such as its link

with seasonally wet soils, its dependence on grazing

Orientation and speciﬁcation: On the one hand

pastures and its susceptibility to excessive trampling informants’ indications allowed us to quickly focus on

appeared both in the interviews and the literature. Other the most relevant information and therefore orientating

topics however, were only found in scientiﬁc sources our research. This pilot study suggests that thanks to

or only mentioned by locals. Integrated management well experienced informants, it is possible to nimbly

proposals that resulted from common ideas found ﬁnd most relevant topics when addressing a local

both in literature and informants’ knowledge were conservation plan, without performing a long and

supported with observations made on the ﬁeld. These exhausting previous research. Once main topics are

ﬁnal management suggestions are shown later in the identiﬁed, scientiﬁc methods could be undertaken in

Discussion in the section Proposals for sustainable order to obtain more accurate conclusions. For this

management.

pilot study, this aspect has been noticed when studying

the threats of the plant. As it is shown in Table 3,

a bunch of threats for C. nobile is regarded in the

literature. However, informants only mentioned some

of them during the interviews, which enabled us to

get rid of trivial information. Subsequent ﬁeld survey

diScuSSion

Knowledge Co-production

Traditionalecologicalknowledgeisoftenqualitative suggests that other literature threats not mentioned

and has a very different way of understanding things by locals, like broad spectrum pesticides, artiﬁcial

when compared to science, especially in those non- draining and habitat ploughing, are actually not

industrialized countries where indigenous and citizens relevant for this speciﬁc area. Moreover, informants

cosmologies remain remarkably different. This aspect were able to give speciﬁc information about broader

has made it difﬁcult to harmonize both TEK and topics cited in the literature, allowing us to adapt

science together in order to achieve better research scientiﬁc recommendations to the speciﬁcities of the

and nature management plans (Drew & Henne, area. Cattle trampling over wet soils, for example,

2006). However, this pilot study suggests that for this is a well-known matter in the scientiﬁc literature

particular case, TEK could be of big relevance when (Marlow & Pogacnik, 1985) that has been mostly

obtaining information about a species of interest and its related to riverbank destruction. In this study, however,

habitat, as well as suggesting interesting management informants mentioned it by referring it to cattle

measures.

presence over wet soils during the rainy months of the

Contrasting both traditional knowledge and year.

104

L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

New ideas: On the other hand, and probably most traditional ecological indicators are correlated with

important, informants have acted as a source of new plant’s abundance, something also mentioned by

knowledge that was not found in the literature. This Tomasini & Theilade (2019). Finally, a list of threats

is the case of rain scarcity at the end of the summer, for C. nobile was obtained after the interviews. Some

as a probable threat for C. nobile blooming on the of them like pasture abandonment and excessive

site. Climate change predictions in Spain (Vargas- trampling coincide with scientiﬁc literature and the

Amelin & Pindado, 2014) as well as its effect on ﬁeld survey (Table 3), and others like rain scarcity at

top-mountainous systems (Pauli & Gottfried, 1996), the end of the summer, were unexpected (Fig. 5). In

suggest that this problematic could be relevant for the any case, compiling a list of potential threats for any

plant in the future.

species or habitat from informants can be of great use

for conservation managers.

TEK for conservation. Location, abundance and

threats.

Overall picture and proposals for sustainable

In the previous paragraph, we discussed how management

traditional knowledge can help to orientate scientiﬁc

By merging threats and management suggestions of

research and discover new topics when performing a locals with scientiﬁc literature, we present an overall

conservation study. But is there speciﬁc information view of the site for a better management of C. nobile

given by locals that could be directly applied in and its habitat.

conservation plans? After performing this pilot study,

On the one hand, change in livestock proportions

we suggest three topics of interest that could be useful and management in Sierra deAndía has been one of the

with this regard: population’s location, ecological most repeated issues by informants (60%). According

indicators and threats.

to them, sheep has been the traditional predominant

Firstly, as happened in previous studies (Tomasini cattle type of the site. However, over the last decades, a

Theilade, 2019) informants made possible to progressivechangehasbeenoccurringtowardsahigher

&

quickly locate the main populations of C. nobile, proportion of bigger non-shepherded cattle (cows and

coincident with traditional recollection sites. Secondly, mares). In concordance with locals, bibliography

informants were able to give a range of ecological showed us that there has been an appreciable shift

indicators (Table 1), which could be a good basis for in livestock proportions in the last decades (Garayo-

researchers to better understand plant’s ecology and Urruela et al., 1996; Sección de Gestión Forestal, 2009,

make optimal management decisions. In fact, plot 2011, 2017) (Fig. 7). This could have implications in

study during vegetation survey, suggests that some pasture dynamics, like overgrazing and over-trampling

Fig. 7. Cattle proportions shifts in Sierra de Andía. A: Traditional proportions (Given by Informants). B:

Proportions in 1996 (Garayo Urruela et al., 1996). C: Proportions in 2019 (Sección de Gestión Forestal,

2019). “s”: sheep; “g”: goats; “m”: mares; “c”: cows.

105

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

in most-desirable areas, as well as abandonment of grazeland renewing, something also highlighted

others. Actually, according to Molnár et al. (2020), in the literature (Aguirre-Pérez de Eulate, 2011).

shepherding might be an essential element in order Moreover, end summer rainfall can lead to an

to manage cattle movement and avoid pasture increase on soil fragility due to higher humidity

abandonment over certain areas. Finally, informants (Marlow & Pogacnik, 1985). This phenomenon had

suggested that overgrazing and over trampling already been mentioned by informants, using as an

leads to a more prostrate phenotype of C. nobile, example soil destruction near artiﬁcial ponds, or

so it is advisable to collect the plant “inside pond’s when cattle remains in reduced areas during rainfall

fences, where absence of cattle let it grow bigger”. season at the end of the summer. With respect

Following informant’s experience, we studied this to all this, we found that Navarrean government

phenomenon measuring ﬂowers from both in and promoted the fencing of some of these ponds due to

out of a pond’s fence, ﬁnding a more prostrate the presence of Ichthyosaura alpestris (GAN-NIK

phenotype and lighter inﬂorescence production & Gobierno de Navarra, 2018), therefore limiting

outside the fence (Fig. 6). This suggests that not shore-land destruction. However, no measurements

only vegetative parts of the plant, but sexual regarding cattle management during wet months

reproduction efﬁciency could be affected in the of the year were found, which is an increasingly

long term by all these impacts. Interestingly, this important topic as herds nowadays remain longer

hypothesis has been found as well in the literature time in the pastures of Sierra de Andía.

(Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, 2021).

On the other hand, informants suggested that Proposals for sustainable management

compared to traditional grazing times, change

Merging TEK and scientiﬁc knowledge allowed

towards longer grazing periods is occurring in Sierra us to reach a better understanding of the site and

de Andía. Comparing traditional grazing periods its threats. By knowing this, here we suggest some

with current data suggests that there has been a actions that could beneﬁt general pasture management

change in that regard (Garayo-Urruela et al., 1996; and conservation of C. nobile in Sierra de Andía:

Sección de Gestión Forestal, 2009, 2011, 2017)

(Fig. 8). This could have an effect over pasture 1) Recognising and promoting sheep shepherds as

regeneration in certain areas, as interviewees

mentioned late summer rainfall as a key factor for

key elements of the ecosystem: Sheep shepherds

still maintain and give cultural and ecological

Fig. 8. Grazing period duration. A: Dates in 2019 (Sección de Gestión Forestal, 2019). B: Traditional dates

given by informants). “s”: sheep; “m”: mares; “g”: cows.

(

106

L. Gorriz and M. Pardo-de-Santayana - TEK in Sierra de Andía for conservation

services that should be recognised, as they than once), and the advanced age of those who

maintain a tight human-nature relationship and still maintain traditional ecological knowledge of

keep up pasture ecosystems, avoiding their C. nobile and its habitat. Even though the sample

abandonment and loss. Contrary to free-bigger could be partially representative of Valle de Ollo’s

cattle, shepherded sheep allow for a more population, wider research would be needed to

efﬁcient and homogenous use of grazelands, cover all possible interviewees.

eluding abandonment of non-desirable areas

and over-exploitation of most appealing ones conservation approach might not work when locals

Molnár et al., 2020). This measure would allow don’t have a direct relationship with the natural

Finally, it is important to note that this

(

to maintain traditional predomination of minor resource of study. Chamaemelum nobile is a

cattle and prevent progressive abandonment of well-known plant among informants, about which

bigger cattle in Sierra de Andía. Moreover, if they have developed strong ecological knowledge

future changes like wolf recovering in the site and therefore promising contributions to any

happen (RTVE, 2021), shepherds could again hypothetical management plan. Besides, this is an

become essential to ensure cattle protection.

argumenttomaintaintraditionalharvestingpractices

2

) Limiting livestock in Sierra de Andía since as a possible pool for ecological information.

rainfall begins (September-October): This

measurement might allow for a better recovery Further research

of pastures at the end of the summer, as well

Firstly, after performing plot vegetation survey,

as avoiding wet-soil disruption by trampling in we realized that future studies could try to better

speciﬁc areas. If cattle removal is not feasible, contrast traditional indicators by disposing enough

we suggest to locate them in most dry areas (soil plots for all their possible combinations (4x4=16

humidity less than 10%), so trample destruction plots). Secondly, we suggest future research

is reduced (Marlow & Pogacnik, 1985).

regarding the effects of minor and bigger cattle

3

) Fencing artiﬁcial ponds: By protecting artiﬁcial over pasture dynamics, as it would help to improve

ponds from cattle entrance and stablishing management decisions in Sierra de Andía. Thirdly,

buffer areas, humid shores disruption could we encourage any study regarding climate change

be prevented. This would beneﬁt key fauna consequences on the site, looking to improve

species like Ichtiosauria alpestris, and other resilience of the area in the long term. Finally, we

amphibians, as well as allowing C. nobile and believe that new solutions and ideas enhancing

other plant species to recover, and reducing sustainable nature harvesting and traditional

disease spreading from wild animals to livestock. knowledge transmission, would greatly help TEK

) Promoting sustainable recollection of C. nobile: survival, a precious wisdom for nature conservation.

We suggest that a good management of natural

4

resources such as C. nobile, also implies

sustainable exploitation for human use. By concluSionS

doing this, new stakeholders can arise to better

understand and protect the area. Moreover,

promoting different uses of Sierra de Andía, rich and varied TEK about C. nobile and its habitat.

alternative to pastoral and recreational), might However, high mean age of the sample indicates

This study suggests that locals still maintain a

(

increase beneﬁts from the site.

that TEK is at risk, as little generational substitution

exists. Secondly, multiple coincidence between

TEK and scientiﬁc wisdom suggests that they could

Limitations of the study

It is essential to remark that the following project be merged in order to achieve better and more

should be only understood as a pilot study, without precise management decisions in Sierra de Andía,

statistical signiﬁcance, but as a possible orientation supporting the general idea of TEK use in nature

for future research and decision making. The small sustainable management for industrialized countries.

number of informants can be partly explained The study also suggests that current trends in Sierra

due to the low population of Valle de Ollo, time de Andía towards higher proportions of bigger

availability (each informant was visited more non-shepherded cattle, could lead into important

107

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 56 (1) 2021

changes on ecosystem dynamics, favouring over-

exploitation of certain areas and abandonment of

others. Finally, in order to increase pasture resilience

and C. nobile conservation, traditional customs

BARANDIARÁN, M., J. MANTEROLA & A.

MANTEROLA, 1990. Atlas etnográfico de

Vasconia. La alimentación doméstica en Vasconia.

Eusko Jaurlaritza, Bilbao.

such as sheep shepherding, limiting grazing period, BENÍTEZ, G., J. MOLERO & M. R GONZÁLEZ-

fencing artiﬁcial ponds and promoting sustainable

TEJERO. 2010. Floristic and ecological diversity of

recollection of C. nobile, are suggested.

ethnobotanical resources used in Western Granada

(

Spain) and their conservation. Acta Bot. Gall. 157:

69–86.

https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2010.10516246

BERASATEGUI, A., K. VAN DORT O.

7

auThorS conTribuTionS

&

LG and MP conceived and designed the

study. LG Collected the data and performed the

analysis. MP contributed with data and analysis

tools. LG Wrote the paper with the guidance and

mentorship of MP.

SCHWENDTNER. 2011. Valor de conservación

de la ﬂora y la vegetación de las Sierras de Urbasa-

Andía (Navarra). In: SERRA, L. (ed.), Jornadas

Estatales de estudio y divulgación de la ﬂora de

los Parques Nacionales y Naturales, pp. 177-198.

CAM, Alcoi.

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Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge

as adaptive management. Ecol. Applications. 10:

1251–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641280

acKnowledgmenTS

I would like to give thanks to all my

informants, who have embraced me without BLANCO-SALAS, J., T. RUIZ-TÉLLEZ & F.

knowing me. Thankyou as well to Silvia Akerreta,

Ricardo Andueza and the staff from Navarrean

government. And finally, to my dear father.

Because without him this study wouldn’t be half

of what it is.

M. VÁZQUEZ. 2018. Chamaemelum nobile

(L.) All. In: PARDO DE SANTAYANA, M.,

R. MORALES, J. TARDÍO & M. MOLINA

(eds.), Inventario Español de los Conocimientos

Tradicionales Relativos a la Biodiversidad, Fase

2

(1). pp. 202-207. Ministerio de Agricultura y

Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid.

BOLETÍN OFICIAL DE NAVARRA. 1996. Decreto

Foral 267/1996, de 1 de Julio, Por el que se

aprueba deﬁnitivamente el Plan de Ordenación

de los Recursos Naturales de Urbasa y Andía

[online]. Available at: https://bon.navarra.es/es/

anuncio/-/texto/1996/97/0. [Accessed 20 October

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BOLETÍN OFICIAL DE NAVARRA. 2001. Decreto

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